Terminology dictionary

The concepts used in Quranic software, with their definitions and their adopted names.

Generated from standards/terminology/concepts/*.yml — edit the entry, not this page, then run python3 tools/build.py.

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One row per concept, sorted by code. Follow the code to the full entry.

code	display	Arabic	kind	category	definition
`abrogation`	Abrogation	النسخ	`concept`	`quranic_sciences`	The lifting of a legal ruling by a later legal proof.
`asbab_al_nuzul`	Asbab al-Nuzul	أسباب النزول	`content`	`revelation`	The events or questions that an ayah, or several ayahs, was revealed to address or to rule on.
`ayah`	Ayah	الآية	`entity`	`structure`	A unit of the Quranic text falling within a surah and having determined boundaries.
`ayah_count`	Ayah Count	عدد الآيات	`property`	`ayah_numbering`	The number of ayahs in a surah under a given numbering system; it may differ from one system to another as the counted fasilahs differ.
`ayah_ending`	Ayah Ending	الفاصلة	`concept`	`structure`	The close of an ayah or a passage as a matter of its composition; some scholars define it as the ayah's last word.
`ayah_fragment`	Ayah Fragment	مقطع الآية	`unit`	`mushaf`	What appears of one ayah on one line of a page of a given mushaf; an ayah that runs over two lines is two maqtas.
`ayah_key`	Ayah Key		`property`	`structure`	A textual identifier of an ayah joining its surah number and its number within it with a colon, in the form `2:255`; it is read only in the light of the ayah numbering system it rests on.
`ayah_mark`	Ayah Mark	علامة الآية	`mark`	`dabt`	The circle separating one ayah from the next.
`ayah_numbering_basri`	Basri Numbering	العد البصري	`classification_value`	`ayah_numbering`	The Basran numbering system, transmitted from Asim al-Jahdari and the Basran authorities before him.
`ayah_numbering_dimashqi`	Dimashqi Numbering	العد الدمشقي	`classification_value`	`ayah_numbering`	The Damascene numbering system, transmitted from Yahya ibn al-Harith al-Dhimari from Ibn Amir; also called the Shami numbering.
`ayah_numbering_kufi`	Kufi Numbering	العد الكوفي	`classification_value`	`ayah_numbering`	The Kufan numbering system, transmitted from Hamzah al-Zayyat from Ibn Abi Layla from Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami from Ali ibn Abi Talib.
`ayah_numbering_madani_first`	First Madani Numbering	العد المدني الأول	`classification_value`	`ayah_numbering`	The earlier Madinan numbering system, that of Abu Jafar Yazid ibn al-Qaqa and Shaybah ibn Nassah.
`ayah_numbering_madani_last`	Last Madani Numbering	العد المدني الأخير	`classification_value`	`ayah_numbering`	The later Madinan numbering system, that of Ismail ibn Jafar from Sulayman ibn Jammaz.
`ayah_numbering_makki`	Makki Numbering	العد المكي	`classification_value`	`ayah_numbering`	The Makkan numbering system, transmitted from Ibn Kathir from Mujahid from Ibn Abbas from Ubayy ibn Kab.
`ayah_numbering_system`	Ayah Numbering System	نظام عد الآي	`classification`	`ayah_numbering`	A system that fixes the boundaries of the ayahs, their totals and their numbers, and certain questions about the basmalah, as transmitted by one of the schools of ayah counting.
`ayah_timing`	Ayah Timing		`concept`	`recitation`	A span of time in a recitation recording, given by a start and an end, corresponding to one ayah.
`basmalah`	Basmalah	البسملة	`concept`	`structure`	The formula «بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم» with which the surahs open, except surah al-Tawbah.
`character`	Character		`unit`	`text`	An abstract unit of text in a digital encoding; it need not correspond to a single linguistic letter.
`codepoint`	Codepoint		`unit`	`text`	A numeric value defined by an encoding standard such as Unicode.
`dammah`	Dammah	الضمة	`mark`	`dabt`	The mark for the short vowel u on the letter.
`disputed`	Disputed	مختلف فيه	`classification_value`	`revelation`	A surah or ayah that the accepted sources do not agree to classify as makki or madani.
`division_mark`	Division Mark	علامة التقسيم	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the start of a juz, a hizb, or a half or quarter of one.
`dot`	Dot	النقطة	`mark`	`dabt`	One dot, above or below, distinguishing a letter from the others that share its skeleton (ijam): baa, noon, jeem, khaa, dhaal.
`equivalent_ayah`	Equivalent Ayah	الآية المقابلة	`concept`	`ayah_numbering`	The ayah in one numbering system that corresponds to an ayah in another.
`fathah`	Fathah	الفتحة	`mark`	`dabt`	The mark for the short vowel a on the letter.
`font`	Font	الخط	`concept`	`mushaf`	A file carrying a set of glyphs and the rules for laying them out, used to render the text of a mushaf.
`ghunnah`	Ghunnah	الغنة	`concept`	`tajwid`	A sound from the nasal cavity built into the body of noon and meem, in which the tongue plays no part; its length differs by ruling, fullest in the doubled and the merged letter, then in the concealed, then in the vowelless letter sounded clearly.
`glyph`	Glyph		`unit`	`text`	The visual shape a font produces to represent a letter, a character, or a group of them.
`grapheme`	Grapheme		`unit`	`text`	A written unit that a user perceives as one unit, which may consist of more than one `codepoint`.
`hadr`	Hadr	الحدر	`classification_value`	`recitation_pace`	Reciting quickly while keeping the letters, the vowels and the rules of delivery intact.
`hamzah`	Hamzah	الهمزة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks a fully realised hamzah (hamzat al-qat).
`hamzat_al_wasl`	Hamzat al-Wasl	همزة الوصل	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks a connecting hamzah, dropped whenever the word is reached in continuation.
`harakah`	Harakah	الحركة	`classification`	`dabt`	A mark fixing a letter's vowel, its absence or its doubling: fathah, dammah, kasrah, sukun and shaddah.
`hizb`	Hizb	الحزب	`entity`	`divisions`	In the current division, half a juz, so that the Quran is 60 hizbs.
`idgham`	Idgham	الإدغام	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Merging a vowelless letter into a vowelled letter after it so that the two become one doubled letter, whether the merging is complete or partial, with ghunnah or without it.
`ijam`	Ijam	الإعجام	`classification`	`dabt`	The dotting that distinguishes a letter from the letters that share its written shape.
`ikhfa`	Ikhfa	الإخفاء	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Pronouncing a vowelless letter in a manner between izhar and idgham, without doubling and with the ghunnah kept: haqiqi in noon sakinah and tanwin before its 15 letters, and shafawi in meem sakinah before a baa.
`imalah`	Imalah	الإمالة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the major imalah: a fathah pronounced leaning toward kasrah.
`instructional_ayah_repetition`	Instructional Ayah Repetition	تكرار الآيات	`concept`	`recitation_style`	Repeating an ayah, or part of one, once or several times in a teaching pattern that helps the learner take it in and memorise it.
`iqlab`	Iqlab	الإقلاب	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Turning noon sakinah or tanwin into a meem, concealed with ghunnah, before a baa.
`irab`	Irab	الإعراب	`analysis`	`linguistics`	The statement of the syntactic function of words, their case markers, and their relations within the construction.
`ishmam`	Ishmam	الإشمام	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks ishmam: the lips are rounded to hint at a dropped dammah, without any sound.
`istiadhah`	Istiadhah	الاستعاذة	`concept`	`recitation`	Seeking refuge with Allah from the Shaytan before reciting the Quran.
`izhar`	Izhar	الإظهار	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Sounding a vowelless letter from its point of articulation with no added ghunnah, as noon sakinah and tanwin are sounded before the throat letters, and meem sakinah before any letter other than baa and meem.
`juz`	Juz	الجزء	`entity`	`divisions`	One of the 30 parts of the well-known division of the mushaf, made to ease reading and completing it.
`kasrah`	Kasrah	الكسرة	`mark`	`dabt`	The mark for the short vowel i on the letter.
`khatmah`	Khatmah	الختمة	`concept`	`recitation`	Reading the Quran in full, from its beginning to its end.
`layout`	Layout	التخطيط	`concept`	`mushaf`	The visual arrangement of the text and its elements into pages, lines and positions within a given mushaf or view.
`lemma`	Lemma		`unit`	`linguistics`	The base dictionary form that an inflected word form is referred back to.
`letter`	Letter	الحرف	`unit`	`text`	A letter of the alphabet as a linguistic unit of writing.
`letter_relation`	Letter Relation	علاقة الحرفين	`classification`	`tajwid`	The relation of two adjacent letters to each other in point of articulation and attribute: identical, of one kind, close, or distant; the merging of the first into the second, or its clear sounding, is built on it.
`line`	Line	السطر	`unit`	`mushaf`	A typeset line within a page of a mushaf or of a given layout.
`madani`	Madani	مدني	`classification_value`	`revelation`	The part of the Quran revealed after the Hijrah, even where it was revealed outside Madinah.
`madd`	Madd	المد	`classification`	`tajwid`	Prolonging the sound on one of the three letters of madd: a vowelless alif after a fathah, a vowelless waw after a dammah, a vowelless yaa after a kasrah; whether the madd is original, without which the letter does not stand, or secondary, caused by a hamzah or a sukun.
`madd_al_badal`	Madd al-Badal	مد البدل	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A madd caused by a hamzah before the letter of madd, where the letter of madd was substituted for a vowelless hamzah, as in «آمن», «أوتوا» and «إيمان»; its length is 2 counts for Hafs, more for Warsh.
`madd_al_iwad`	Madd al-Iwad	مد العوض	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Lengthening an alif in place of tanwin al-fath when stopping on the word; its length is 2 counts.
`madd_al_lin`	Madd al-Lin	مد اللين	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Lengthening a vowelless waw or yaa preceded by a fathah when stopping on the word with an incidental sukun, as in «خوف» and «بيت».
`madd_al_silah`	Madd al-Silah	مد الصلة	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A madd arising from joining the pronoun haa to a waw or a yaa when it falls between two vowelled letters; sughra when no hamzah follows, kubra when one does.
`madd_arid_li_al_sukun`	Madd Arid lil-Sukun	المد العارض للسكون	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A madd caused by an incidental sukun in stopping after the letter of madd; shortening, middle length and full length are all permitted in it.
`madd_lazim`	Madd Lazim	المد اللازم	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A secondary madd caused by an original sukun, fixed in continuing and in stopping, after the letter of madd, in a word or in a letter of the surah openings, whether heavy with idgham or light; its length is 6 counts.
`madd_munfasil`	Madd Munfasil	المد المنفصل	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A secondary madd caused by a hamzah at the start of the word following the letter of madd; it is permissible, shortened or lengthened by riwayah and tariq.
`madd_muttasil`	Madd Muttasil	المد المتصل	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A secondary madd caused by a hamzah after the letter of madd within one word; it is obligatory for all the readers, and its lengths differ by riwayah and tariq.
`madd_tabii`	Madd Tabee	المد الطبيعي	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	The madd without which the letter of madd itself does not stand, depending on no cause of hamzah or sukun; its length is 2 counts.
`maddah`	Maddah	المدة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks that the letter is lengthened beyond the natural madd.
`makki`	Makki	مكي	`classification_value`	`revelation`	The part of the Quran revealed before the Hijrah, even where it was revealed outside Makkah.
`manzil`	Manzil	المنزل	`entity`	`divisions`	One of 7 traditional parts of the Quran, made to ease completing it in a week.
`mathani`	Mathani	المثاني	`classification_value`	`surah_classification`	The surahs shorter than the miun, coming after them in the traditional division; called mathani because they are recited more often.
`meem_sakinah`	Meem Sakinah	الميم الساكنة	`concept`	`tajwid`	A meem carrying no vowel, fixed in pronunciation and in writing, falling in the middle of a word or at its end.
`miun`	Miun	المئون	`classification_value`	`surah_classification`	The surahs whose ayahs come to about 100, a little more or a little less.
`morpheme`	Morpheme	الوحدة الصرفية	`unit`	`linguistics`	The smallest unit within a word carrying a meaning or a morphological function, such as a prefix, a suffix or a stem.
`morphology`	Morphology	الصرف	`analysis`	`linguistics`	The analysis of a word's structure and form and the morphological properties it carries.
`muallim`	Muallim	معلم	`classification_value`	`recitation_style`	A recitation style meant for teaching, which may repeat ayahs or leave the learner time to repeat after the reciter.
`mufassal`	Mufassal	المفصل	`classification_value`	`surah_classification`	A group of the short surahs following the mathani; scholars differ over where it begins.
`mufassir`	Mufassir	المفسر	`role`	`tafsir`	One to whom a tafsir of the Quran is attributed, whether by authorship or by transmission.
`mujawwad`	Mujawwad	مجود	`classification_value`	`recitation_style`	A recitation style that is slow and melodic, with the tajwid rules drawn out; the label given to recordings delivered that way.
`muqatta_letter`	Muqatta Letter	الحرف المقطع	`concept`	`structure`	Alphabetic letters that open certain surahs, such as Alif Laam Meem, Alif Laam Raa, Haa Meem and Kaaf Haa Yaa Ayn Saad.
`muqri`	Muqri	المقرئ	`role`	`qiraat`	One who has received the recitation, mastered it, and transmits it to learners.
`murattal`	Murattal	مرتل	`classification_value`	`recitation_style`	A recitation style that is measured and unadorned, at a reading pace; the label given to recordings delivered that way.
`mushaf`	Mushaf	المصحف	`entity`	`core`	The Quran as a written, bound book, in its established order.
`mushaf_edition`	Mushaf Edition	طبعة المصحف	`entity`	`core`	A specific published edition of the mushaf with its own publisher, rasm, dabt, layout and other properties.
`mushaf_mark`	Mushaf Mark	علامة المصحف	`classification`	`dabt`	A sign or mark that is not one of a word's original letters, used in the mushaf for reading, organisation or guidance.
`mutajanisan`	Mutajanisan	المتجانسان	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Two letters of one point of articulation differing in attribute, like the dal and the taa in «قد تبين».
`mutamathilan`	Mutamathilan	المتماثلان	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	Two letters identical in point of articulation and in attribute, like the two baas in «اضرب بعصاك».
`mutashabihat`	Mutashabihat	المتشابهات	`analysis`	`quranic_sciences`	The places in the Quran where the wording of ayahs, or of parts of them, resembles one another, whether exactly or with a slight difference in a word or in order.
`noon_sakinah`	Noon Sakinah	النون الساكنة	`concept`	`tajwid`	A noon carrying no vowel, fixed in pronunciation and in writing, in continuing and in stopping.
`noun`	Noun	الاسم	`classification_value`	`linguistics`	A noun in the Arabic sense: a word whose meaning is not tied to a time.
`omitted_alif`	Omitted Alif	الألف المحذوفة	`mark`	`dabt`	Restores an alif omitted from the Uthmani skeleton but obligatory in pronunciation.
`orthographic_mark`	Orthographic Mark	العلامة الإملائية	`classification`	`dabt`	A mark fixing how a word is written, such as the hamzah, the maddah and the small letters.
`page`	Page	الصفحة	`unit`	`mushaf`	A typographic unit of a given mushaf's layout; its content and its boundaries may differ from one mushaf or edition to another.
`part_of_speech`	Part of Speech	قسم الكلمة	`classification`	`linguistics`	The classification of a word or a morpheme by its grammatical class: noun, verb, particle and what branches from them.
`particle`	Particle	حرف المعنى	`classification_value`	`linguistics`	A particle: a word with no meaning of its own that gives meaning to the words around it, such as prepositions and the particles of conjunction, negation and interrogation.
`qalqalah`	Qalqalah	القلقلة	`classification_value`	`tajwid`	A disturbance in the sound of a vowelless letter as it is pronounced, so that a strong beat is heard, in the letters of «قطب جد»; it grows stronger by the letter's place in the word and by stopping on it.
`qiraah`	Qiraah	القراءة	`concept`	`qiraat`	One of the ways of reciting the Quran, attributed to one of the imams of the qiraat, from which the riwayahs and tariqs branch.
`qiraah_mark`	Qiraah Mark	علامة القراءة	`classification`	`dabt`	A mark pointing to a particular manner of delivery at its place, such as saktah, ishmam and tashil.
`quran`	Quran	القرآن	`concept`	`core`	The speech of Allah revealed to Muhammad, peace be upon him, whose recitation is worship.
`quran_merits`	Quran Merits	فضائل القرآن	`content`	`quranic_sciences`	What has been transmitted about the merit of the Quran, or of one of its surahs or ayahs, and the reward or effect that follows from reciting it.
`rasm`	Rasm	الرسم	`classification`	`mushaf`	The way the words of the Quran are written: which letters are written and which omitted or added, and where words are joined or kept apart.
`rasm_imlai`	Rasm Imlai	الرسم الإملائي	`classification_value`	`mushaf`	Writing the words of the Quran by the rules of modern orthography, writing what the Uthmani rasm omits and omitting what it adds, so that they read in their familiar form.
`rasm_uthmani`	Rasm Uthmani	الرسم العثماني	`classification_value`	`mushaf`	The way the words of the Uthmani mushafs are written, with the omission, addition, substitution, separation and joining that go with it.
`rawi`	Rawi	الراوي	`role`	`qiraat`	One to whom a transmission from an imam of a qiraah is attributed.
`recitation`	Recitation	تسجيل التلاوة	`entity`	`recitation`	A published recording of a recitation of the Quran, attributed to a reciter, a riwayah and a style of delivery.
`recitation_pace`	Recitation Pace	مراتب القراءة	`classification`	`recitation_pace`	A classification of how fast a recitation is delivered while its rules are kept.
`recitation_style`	Recitation Style	نمط الأداء	`classification`	`recitation_style`	A classification of recordings and recitations by how they are delivered, murattal, mujawwad or muallim, independent of the qiraah and the riwayah.
`reciter`	Reciter	القارئ	`role`	`recitation`	The person who performs a recitation of the Quran.
`rectangular_zero`	Rectangular Zero	الصفر المستطيل	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks an alif dropped in continuation but pronounced when stopping on it.
`reflection`	Reflection	التدبر	`content`	`quranic_sciences`	Reflecting on the meanings of the Quran and what they call for in action, and what a reader records of a pause at an ayah or a word.
`revelation`	Revelation	النزول	`concept`	`revelation`	The revelation of the Quran to the Prophet, peace be upon him, in stages over the years of his mission, as events and needs arose.
`revelation_classification`	Revelation Classification	تصنيف النزول	`classification`	`revelation`	A classification of the Quranic text by whether its revelation fell before or after the Hijrah, in the accepted usage.
`revelation_order`	Revelation Order	ترتيب النزول	`property`	`revelation`	The order of the surahs or the ayahs by the time of their revelation, which may differ from one accepted source to another.
`riwayah`	Riwayah	الرواية	`concept`	`qiraat`	What is attributed to a transmitter from an imam of a qiraah, such as the riwayah of Hafs from Asim.
`root`	Root	الجذر	`unit`	`linguistics`	The morphological origin a word is referred back to, showing its derivation and its relation to other words.
`rounded_zero`	Rounded Zero	الصفر المستدير	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks a letter present in the skeleton but never pronounced — neither in continuation nor when stopping.
`rubu_al_hizb`	Rubu al-Hizb	ربع الحزب	`entity`	`divisions`	A quarter of a hizb in the well-known division of the mushaf.
`ruku`	Ruku	الركوع	`entity`	`divisions`	A conventional section of the Quran used to organise reading, printed in some mushafs.
`saba_tiwal`	Saba Tiwal	السبع الطوال	`classification_value`	`surah_classification`	A group of the longest surahs of the Quran, at its beginning, with a known disagreement over which surah is the seventh.
`sajdah`	Sajdah	السجدة	`concept`	`structure`	A place in the Quran at which the reader and the listener prostrate, ending at a particular ayah.
`sajdah_line`	Sajdah Line	خط السجدة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the word that makes prostration due.
`sajdah_mark`	Sajdah Mark	علامة السجدة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the point at which the reader prostrates.
`saktah`	Saktah	السكتة	`concept`	`tajwid`	Cutting off the voice for a short moment without breathing, then continuing the recitation.
`saktah_mark`	Saktah Mark	علامة السكتة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks a saktah: a brief pause without taking a breath, then continuing.
`seen_al_qiraah`	Seen al-Qiraah	سين القراءة	`mark`	`dabt`	A small seen above a saad marks reading it as seen; below it, reading it as saad.
`shaddah`	Shaddah	الشدة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks a doubled letter: the first, vowelless, is merged into the second and the two are pronounced as one stressed letter.
`small_meem`	Small Meem	الميم الصغيرة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks iqlab: a vowelless noon or tanwin pronounced as meem before baa.
`small_noon`	Small Noon	النون الصغيرة	`mark`	`dabt`	Restores a noon omitted from the skeleton but obligatory in pronunciation, at one place only (21:88).
`small_waw`	Small Waw	الواو الصغيرة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the silah of the pronoun haa with dammah, pronounced as a waw in continuation.
`small_yaa`	Small Yaa	الياء الصغيرة	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the silah of the pronoun haa with kasrah, pronounced as a yaa in continuation.
`spoken_translation`	Spoken Translation	الترجمة المنطوقة	`content`	`translation`	Rendering the meanings of the Quran into another language in audio or spoken material.
`stem`	Stem	الجذع	`unit`	`linguistics`	What remains of a word once its prefixes and suffixes are removed, and what the morphological additions attach to.
`sukun`	Sukun	السكون	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks a letter that carries no vowel and is articulated clearly.
`surah`	Surah	السورة	`entity`	`structure`	A principal unit of the structure of the Quran, made up of ordered ayahs, with a name and a known place in the order of the mushaf.
`surah_group`	Surah Group	تصنيف السور	`classification`	`surah_classification`	A classification gathering surahs by inherited conventional divisions that rest on length or on their place among the groups of surahs.
`surah_name_reason`	Surah Name Reason	سبب التسمية	`content`	`quranic_sciences`	The statement of why a surah was given its name, and what has been transmitted about it by narration or on linguistic grounds.
`surah_names`	Surah Names	أسماء السورة	`content`	`quranic_sciences`	The names a surah is known by.
`surah_objectives`	Surah Objectives	مقاصد السورة	`content`	`quranic_sciences`	The overarching meanings a surah turns on, held together by its subject, and the single aim its ayahs are ordered around.
`tadwir`	Tadwir	التدوير	`classification_value`	`recitation_pace`	Reciting at a middle speed between tahqiq and hadr, while keeping the rules.
`tafkhim`	Tafkhim	التفخيم	`concept`	`tajwid`	A fullness entering the sound of a letter so that the mouth fills with its echo; inherent in the letters of istila, and incidental in the raa, the lam of the name of Allah and the alif, following what precedes them.
`tafsir`	Tafsir	التفسير	`content`	`tafsir`	Stating the meanings of the Quran, explaining its wording, and the rulings and guidance it points to, according to the principles of tafsir.
`tafsir_al_ray`	Tafsir al-Ray	تفسير الرأي	`content`	`tafsir`	Explaining the meanings of the Quran by reasoning and reflection, after knowledge of the speech of the Arabs, its styles and the principles of tafsir, whether the reasoning is approved or censured.
`tafsir_mathur`	Tafsir Mathur	التفسير المأثور	`content`	`tafsir`	Tafsir transmitted with a chain of narration: explanation of the Quran drawn from the Quran itself, from the Sunnah, or from the sayings of the Companions and Successors.
`tahqiq`	Tahqiq	التحقيق	`classification_value`	`recitation_pace`	Reciting slowly and deliberately, giving the letters and their rules their full due; much used in teaching.
`tajwid`	Tajweed	التجويد	`concept`	`tajwid`	The discipline of delivering the letters of the Quran from their points of articulation and giving them their due properties and rulings.
`tajwid_ruling`	Tajwid Ruling	حكم التجويد	`classification`	`tajwid`	What is due in delivering a letter before the letter that follows it, or at a sukun or a hamzah: izhar, idgham, iqlab, ikhfa, madd, qalqalah, tafkhim or tarqiq, as the rules of tajwid settle it at a given place in the text.
`tanwin`	Tanwin	التنوين	`classification`	`dabt`	An added vowelless noon at the end of a noun, written by doubling the shape of the vowel.
`tanwin_al_damm`	Tanwin al-Damm	تنوين الضم	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the un tanwin.
`tanwin_al_fath`	Tanwin al-Fath	تنوين الفتح	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the an tanwin.
`tanwin_al_kasr`	Tanwin al-Kasr	تنوين الكسر	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks the in tanwin.
`tariq`	Tariq	الطريق	`concept`	`qiraat`	A path of transmission taken from a rawi through those below him in the chain of transmission of a qiraah.
`tarqiq`	Tarqiq	الترقيق	`concept`	`tajwid`	A thinness entering the sound of a letter so that the mouth does not fill with its echo; inherent in the letters of istifal, and incidental in the raa and the lam of the name of Allah.
`tartil`	Tartil	الترتيل	`concept`	`recitation`	Reciting the Quran deliberately, making the letters and words distinct, observing the stops and the meaning.
`tashil`	Tashil	التسهيل	`mark`	`dabt`	Marks tashil: the hamzah softened to a sound between a hamzah and an alif.
`tashkil`	Tashkil	التشكيل	`concept`	`dabt`	The layer of dabt marks attached to the letters of the text, the harakat, tanwin, shaddah, sukun and what goes with them, taken as a whole.
`three_dots`	Three Dots	الثلاث نقط	`mark`	`dabt`	Three dots above the letter, distinguishing it from the others that share its skeleton (ijam): thaa, sheen.
`thumn`	Thumn	الثمن	`entity`	`divisions`	An eighth of a hizb, a division used in some mushafs and schools.
`tilawah`	Tilawah	التلاوة	`concept`	`recitation`	Reading the Quran in its wording, delivered aloud as the reader received it, whether in prayer, in a lesson or in a recording.
`token`	Token		`unit`	`text`	A unit produced by segmenting the text according to a declared method.
`translation`	Translation	الترجمة	`content`	`translation`	Rendering the meanings of the Quran into another language.
`translator`	Translator	المترجم	`role`	`translation`	One to whom a translation of the meanings of the Quran into another language is attributed, whether a person or a body.
`transliteration`	Transliteration	النقل الحرفي	`content`	`translation`	Representing the letters of one writing system with those of another by fixed rules, without translating the meaning.
`two_dots`	Two Dots	النقطتان	`mark`	`dabt`	Two dots, above or below, distinguishing a letter from the others that share its skeleton (ijam): taa, yaa, qaaf.
`verb`	Verb	الفعل	`classification_value`	`linguistics`	A verb: a word whose meaning is tied to a time, with past, present and imperative forms.
`wajh`	Wajh	الوجه	`concept`	`qiraat`	One of several manners of delivery, any of which may be taken within one riwayah or one tariq, such as the wajhs of madd arid li al-sukun.
`waqf`	Waqf	الوقف	`concept`	`waqf`	Stopping the recitation at a place in the text according to the rules of stopping and starting.
`waqf_al_muanaqah`	Waqf al-Muanaqah	وقف المعانقة	`classification_value`	`dabt`	Two candidate stopping points: stopping at one makes stopping at the other not allowed.
`waqf_hasan`	Waqf Hasan	الوقف الحسن	`classification_value`	`waqf`	A stop that yields a meaning but is connected to what follows it in wording and in meaning.
`waqf_jaiz_mustawi_al_tarafayn`	Waqf Jaiz Mustawi al-Tarafayn	الوقف الجائز مستوي الطرفين	`classification_value`	`dabt`	A permissible stop, with stopping and continuing equally sound.
`waqf_jaiz_waqf_awla`	Waqf Jaiz Waqf Awla	الوقف الجائز مع كون الوقف أولى	`classification_value`	`dabt`	A permissible stop, and stopping is the better choice.
`waqf_jaiz_wasl_awla`	Waqf Jaiz Wasl Awla	الوقف الجائز مع كون الوصل أولى	`classification_value`	`dabt`	A permissible stop, but continuing is the better choice.
`waqf_kafi`	Waqf Kafi	الوقف الكافي	`classification_value`	`waqf`	A stop whose meaning is complete but which is connected to what follows it in meaning, not in wording.
`waqf_lazim`	Waqf Lazim	الوقف اللازم	`classification_value`	`dabt`	A compulsory stop: continuing across it would suggest a meaning other than the one intended.
`waqf_mamnu`	Waqf Mamnu	الوقف الممنوع	`classification_value`	`dabt`	A forbidden stop: stopping here would break the meaning or attach what follows to the wrong clause.
`waqf_mark`	Waqf Mark	علامة الوقف	`mark`	`dabt`	A mark in the mushaf pointing the reader to the ruling on stopping or continuing at a given place.
`waqf_mark_type`	Waqf Mark Type	نوع علامة الوقف	`classification`	`waqf`	A classification of what a waqf mark drawn in the mushaf points to: that stopping is compulsory, forbidden or permitted.
`waqf_qabih`	Waqf Qabih	الوقف القبيح	`classification_value`	`waqf`	A stop that yields no meaning, or yields a meaning that is not the one intended.
`waqf_ruling`	Waqf Ruling	حكم الوقف	`classification`	`waqf`	A classification of the place itself by whether the meaning is complete there, not of the mark drawn at it.
`waqf_tamm`	Waqf Tamm	الوقف التام	`classification_value`	`waqf`	A stop whose meaning is complete and which is connected to what follows it neither in wording nor in meaning.
`word`	Word	الكلمة	`unit`	`text`	A unit of the text that a reader recognises as one word, independent of how a segmenter splits the text.
`word_by_word_translation`	Word by Word Translation		`content`	`translation`	A translation giving each word of the ayah its meaning in another language on its own, in the order of the original words.
`word_key`	Word Key		`property`	`structure`	A textual identifier of a word that adds the word's position within the ayah to the ayah key, in the form `2:255:5`; the position is counted from the start of the ayah by a declared segmentation method.
`word_meanings`	Word Meanings	غريب القرآن	`content`	`quranic_sciences`	The explanation of Quranic words whose meaning is obscure to most readers, whether because they are rare in use or because their sense has shifted.
`word_timing`	Word Timing		`concept`	`recitation`	A span of time in a recitation recording, given by a start and an end, corresponding to one word of an ayah.

By category

Core — core: mushaf, mushaf_edition, quran
Structure — structure: ayah, ayah_ending, ayah_key, basmalah, muqatta_letter, sajdah, surah, word_key
Text — text: character, codepoint, glyph, grapheme, letter, token, word
Quran divisions — divisions: hizb, juz, manzil, rubu_al_hizb, ruku, thumn
Surah classification — surah_classification: mathani, miun, mufassal, saba_tiwal, surah_group
Mushaf and layout — mushaf: ayah_fragment, font, layout, line, page, rasm, rasm_imlai, rasm_uthmani
Dabt and Mushaf marks — dabt: ayah_mark, dammah, division_mark, dot, fathah, hamzah, hamzat_al_wasl, harakah, ijam, imalah, ishmam, kasrah, maddah, mushaf_mark, omitted_alif, orthographic_mark, qiraah_mark, rectangular_zero, rounded_zero, sajdah_line, sajdah_mark, saktah_mark, seen_al_qiraah, shaddah, small_meem, small_noon, small_waw, small_yaa, sukun, tanwin, tanwin_al_damm, tanwin_al_fath, tanwin_al_kasr, tashil, tashkil, three_dots, two_dots, waqf_al_muanaqah, waqf_jaiz_mustawi_al_tarafayn, waqf_jaiz_waqf_awla, waqf_jaiz_wasl_awla, waqf_lazim, waqf_mamnu, waqf_mark
Ayah numbering — ayah_numbering: ayah_count, ayah_numbering_basri, ayah_numbering_dimashqi, ayah_numbering_kufi, ayah_numbering_madani_first, ayah_numbering_madani_last, ayah_numbering_makki, ayah_numbering_system, equivalent_ayah
Revelation — revelation: asbab_al_nuzul, disputed, madani, makki, revelation, revelation_classification, revelation_order
Qiraat — qiraat: muqri, qiraah, rawi, riwayah, tariq, wajh
Recitation — recitation: ayah_timing, istiadhah, khatmah, recitation, reciter, tartil, tilawah, word_timing
Recitation pace — recitation_pace: hadr, recitation_pace, tadwir, tahqiq
Recitation style — recitation_style: instructional_ayah_repetition, muallim, mujawwad, murattal, recitation_style
Tajwid — tajwid: ghunnah, idgham, ikhfa, iqlab, izhar, letter_relation, madd, madd_al_badal, madd_al_iwad, madd_al_lin, madd_al_silah, madd_arid_li_al_sukun, madd_lazim, madd_munfasil, madd_muttasil, madd_tabii, meem_sakinah, mutajanisan, mutamathilan, noon_sakinah, qalqalah, saktah, tafkhim, tajwid, tajwid_ruling, tarqiq
Waqf — waqf: waqf, waqf_hasan, waqf_kafi, waqf_mark_type, waqf_qabih, waqf_ruling, waqf_tamm
Linguistics — linguistics: irab, lemma, morpheme, morphology, noun, part_of_speech, particle, root, stem, verb
Translation — translation: spoken_translation, translation, translator, transliteration, word_by_word_translation
Tafsir — tafsir: mufassir, tafsir, tafsir_al_ray, tafsir_mathur
Quranic sciences — quranic_sciences: abrogation, mutashabihat, quran_merits, reflection, surah_name_reason, surah_names, surah_objectives, word_meanings

Core — `core`

Mushaf — المصحف

field	value
`code`	`mushaf`
`plural`	`mushafs`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُصْحَف
Other spellings	`mus'haf`, `muṣḥaf`, `moshaf`
English gloss	`Quran Codex`

Definition: The Quran as a written, bound book, in its established order.

Purpose: Used when the properties of the written representation matter: rasm, layout, pages, lines and marks.

A mushaf is a written vessel for the Quran, not the Quran itself: mushafs differ in rasm, pages and marks while the Quran is one.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/119

Mushaf Edition — طبعة المصحف

field	value
`code`	`mushaf_edition`
`plural`	`mushaf_editions`
`kind`	`entity`
Part of	`mushaf`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	طَبْعَة المُصْحَف

Definition: A specific published edition of the mushaf with its own publisher, rasm, dabt, layout and other properties.

Purpose: Used to tell apart editions that may differ in pages, lines, marks or typographic properties.

Related: mushaf, layout, page, riwayah, font, rasm, ruku

Quran — القرآن

field	value
`code`	`quran`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	القُرْآن
Other spellings	`koran`, `qur'an`, `qur’an`, `quraan`, `al_quran`

Definition: The speech of Allah revealed to Muhammad, peace be upon him, whose recitation is worship. The name covers the whole and, by context, any part of it.

Purpose: Represents the Quranic content itself, independent of any particular mushaf, layout, formatting or digital representation.

The Quran is the speech itself; the mushaf is its written vessel. Pages, rasm and marks belong to the mushaf, not to the Quran.

Related: mushaf, surah, ayah, quran_merits

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/15

Structure — `structure`

Ayah — الآية

field	value
`code`	`ayah`
`plural`	`ayahs`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الآيَة
Arabic plural	آيات
Transliteration	āyah
Other spellings	`aya`, `ayat`, `ayaat`
English gloss	`Verse`

Definition: A unit of the Quranic text falling within a surah and having determined boundaries. Its number, and some of its boundaries, may differ from one ayah numbering system to another.

Purpose: Used as the basic unit for referring to the Quranic text, and for attaching translations, tafsir, recitations, analyses and other data to a specific place in the Quran.

Its position on a page or a line belongs to the mushaf and its layout, not to the identity of the ayah.
The ayah ending is the close of the ayah, not the ayah.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/140

Ayah Ending — الفاصلة

field	value
`code`	`ayah_ending`
`plural`	`ayah_endings`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الفَاصِلَة
Other spellings	`fasila`
English gloss	`Verse Ending`

Definition: The close of an ayah or a passage as a matter of its composition; some scholars define it as the ayah's last word.

Purpose: Used in studies and datasets concerned with ayah endings and Quranic composition. It is never used as a synonym for ayah.

The fasilah is the ayah's ending as a matter of the text; the ayah mark is the sign drawn in the mushaf for it.

Related: ayah, ayah_mark

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/153

Ayah Key

field	value
`code`	`ayah_key`
`plural`	`ayah_keys`
`kind`	`property`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Other spellings	`ayah_ref`, `ayah_reference`, `aya_key`
English gloss	`verse key`

Definition: A textual identifier of an ayah joining its surah number and its number within it with a colon, in the form 2:255; it is read only in the light of the ayah numbering system it rests on.

Purpose: Used as the key that joins data sources and carries a reference to an ayah between APIs and files; binding it to a numbering system stops one key from pointing at two places.

The key is a reference, not an identity: changing the numbering system changes the key and not the ayah.
The key is not the running number of the ayah across the whole mushaf.

Basmalah — البسملة

field	value
`code`	`basmalah`
`plural`	`basmalahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	البَسْمَلَة
Other spellings	`basmala`, `bismillah`

Definition: The formula «بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم» with which the surahs open, except surah al-Tawbah. It carries rulings and differences bound up with ayah counting.

Purpose: Used to identify the basmalah and to represent its position and its relation to the surah and to the ayah numbering system.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 30
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/145

Muqatta Letter — الحرف المقطع

field	value
`code`	`muqatta_letter`
`plural`	`muqatta_letters`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الحَرْف المُقَطَّع
English gloss	`Disjointed Letters`

Definition: Alphabetic letters that open certain surahs, such as Alif Laam Meem, Alif Laam Raa, Haa Meem and Kaaf Haa Yaa Ayn Saad.

Purpose: Used to identify these openings, keep them distinct, and tie them to their surahs and their positions in the text.

Related: surah

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 113
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 3/361

Sajdah — السجدة

field	value
`code`	`sajdah`
`plural`	`sajdahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	السَّجْدَة
Registry	`sajdah`
Other spellings	`sajda`, `sajdah_place`, `mawdi_al_sajdah`, `sujud_al_tilawah`, `sajdat_al_tilawah`
English gloss	`Prostration`, `Prostration of Recitation`

Definition: A place in the Quran at which the reader and the listener prostrate, ending at a particular ayah. The sajdahs are countable, fifteen by the common count, and some of them are disputed.

Purpose: Used to count the sajdahs, to tie each one to its surah, ayah and page, to attach the rulings and manner of the prostration to it, and to keep it apart from the mark drawn at it.

The sajdah is the place in the text and the prostration at it, one thing; the sajdah mark is the sign drawn in the mushaf for it.

Merged from sajdah_place and sujud_al_tilawah. The dictionary used to keep the place apart from the act; no software stores an act apart from its place, and the common name, "the fifteen sajdahs", names both at once. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Related: sajdah_mark, sajdah_line, ayah, tilawah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/381

Surah — السورة

field	value
`code`	`surah`
`plural`	`surahs`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	السُّورَة
Registry	`surahs`
Other spellings	`sura`, `surat`, `soorah`, `suwar`
English gloss	`Chapter`

Definition: A principal unit of the structure of the Quran, made up of ordered ayahs, with a name and a known place in the order of the mushaf.

Purpose: Used as the principal unit for organising the text and for attaching ayahs and surah-level data.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/140
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/178

Word Key

field	value
`code`	`word_key`
`plural`	`word_keys`
`kind`	`property`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Other spellings	`wid`, `data_wid`, `word_ref`, `word_position_key`

Definition: A textual identifier of a word that adds the word's position within the ayah to the ayah key, in the form 2:255:5; the position is counted from the start of the ayah by a declared segmentation method.

Purpose: Used as the key for data attached to the word: timing, word-by-word translation, morphological analysis and images.

The position in the key is the word's, not the token's; changing the segmentation method that counts the words changes the key.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — word_attributes!data-wid

Text — `text`

Character

field	value
`code`	`character`
`plural`	`characters`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`

Definition: An abstract unit of text in a digital encoding; it need not correspond to a single linguistic letter.

Purpose: Used where an offset, a length or a comparison must be exact: text-path tests, search indexes and the allowlist of permitted characters.

A character is a unit of encoding; a letter is a linguistic unit, and one letter may be carried by more than one character.
A character is not a glyph: the glyph is produced by the font, the character is carried by the text.

Related: letter, glyph, codepoint, grapheme

Codepoint

field	value
`code`	`codepoint`
`plural`	`codepoints`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`

Definition: A numeric value defined by an encoding standard such as Unicode.

Purpose: Used where the exact encoding of a character or mark matters: normalisation rules, font mappings and the allowlist of permitted codepoints.

Related: character, grapheme

Glyph

field	value
`code`	`glyph`
`plural`	`glyphs`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`

Definition: The visual shape a font produces to represent a letter, a character, or a group of them.

Purpose: Used for fonts, rasm, rendering and the placement of visual shapes.

A glyph is produced by the font; it is neither the letter nor the character, and one character may be drawn by many glyphs.

Related: character, letter, font

Grapheme

field	value
`code`	`grapheme`
`plural`	`graphemes`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`

Definition: A written unit that a user perceives as one unit, which may consist of more than one codepoint.

Purpose: Used for visual segmentation, editing and text selection, where the codepoint is not the right unit.

Related: codepoint, character

Letter — الحرف

field	value
`code`	`letter`
`plural`	`letters`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الحَرْف
Other spellings	`harf`

Definition: A letter of the alphabet as a linguistic unit of writing.

Purpose: Used for data that deals with linguistic letters, without confusing them with their digital or visual representations.

A letter is a linguistic unit; a character is a unit of encoding, and one letter may be written with one character or more.
A letter is a unit of writing; harf al-mana is a part of speech.

Related: character, glyph, particle, ijam, word

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 5

Token

field	value
`code`	`token`
`plural`	`tokens`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`

Definition: A unit produced by segmenting the text according to a declared method. It may equal a word, be part of one, or span more than one.

Purpose: Used to tie automated analysis to the text where the word boundary is not the segmentation boundary, and to keep what a segmenter produces distinct from what a reader counts as a word.

A word is a unit the reader recognises; a token is a unit a segmentation method produces, so changing the method changes the number of tokens and not the number of words.

Related: word, morpheme

Word — الكلمة

field	value
`code`	`word`
`plural`	`words`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الكَلِمَة
Other spellings	`kalimah`

Definition: A unit of the text that a reader recognises as one word, independent of how a segmenter splits the text.

Purpose: Used to attach word-level data: root, morphology, irab, tajwid, audio alignment and visual position.

A word is a unit the reader recognises; a token is a unit a segmentation method produces, so changing the method changes the number of tokens and not the number of words.

Quran divisions — `divisions`

Hizb — الحزب

field	value
`code`	`hizb`
`plural`	`hizbs`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الحِزْب
Other spellings	`hezb`

Definition: In the current division, half a juz, so that the Quran is 60 hizbs.

Purpose: Used to represent the conventional divisions, navigation, and reading plans.

Related: juz, rubu_al_hizb, thumn, division_mark

Juz — الجزء

field	value
`code`	`juz`
`plural`	`juzs`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الجُزْء
Other spellings	`juzu`, `juz'`, `juzz`, `para`
English gloss	`Part`

Definition: One of the 30 parts of the well-known division of the mushaf, made to ease reading and completing it.

Purpose: Used for navigation, for organising reading, and for the schedules and plans built on the parts of the Quran.

Related: hizb, manzil, khatmah, division_mark, ruku

Manzil — المنزل

field	value
`code`	`manzil`
`plural`	`manzils`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَنْزِل

Definition: One of 7 traditional parts of the Quran, made to ease completing it in a week.

Purpose: Used in applications that support the manzil system and the reading plans built on it.

Related: juz, khatmah

Rubu al-Hizb — ربع الحزب

field	value
`code`	`rubu_al_hizb`
`plural`	`rubu_al_hizbs`
`kind`	`entity`
Part of	`hizb`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	رُبْع الحِزْب
Other spellings	`rub_al_hizb`, `rub'_al-hizb`, `rub_el_hizb`, `rub`, `rubu`, `rub_hizb`, `hizb_quarter`, `quarter_hizb`

Definition: A quarter of a hizb in the well-known division of the mushaf.

Purpose: Used to represent the finer division of the hizb and where its marks fall in the mushaf.

Related: hizb, thumn, division_mark

Ruku — الركوع

field	value
`code`	`ruku`
`plural`	`rukus`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الرُّكُوع
Other spellings	`ruku'`, `rukūʿ`

Definition: A conventional section of the Quran used to organise reading, printed in some mushafs.

Purpose: Used in the applications and mushafs that follow the ruku division.

Related: juz, mushaf_edition

Thumn — الثمن

field	value
`code`	`thumn`
`plural`	`thumns`
`kind`	`entity`
Part of	`hizb`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الثُّمْن
Other spellings	`thumun`

Definition: An eighth of a hizb, a division used in some mushafs and schools.

Purpose: Used when supporting sources or mushafs that divide the hizb into eighths.

Related: hizb, rubu_al_hizb

Surah classification — `surah_classification`

Mathani — المثاني

field	value
`code`	`mathani`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`surah_group`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَثَانِي

Definition: The surahs shorter than the miun, coming after them in the traditional division; called mathani because they are recited more often.

Purpose: Used as a value of surah group, so that reading plans and the tafsir works that treat the group as a unit can refer to it.

The standard does not list the group's members surah by surah: the sources differ over the seventh of the tiwal and the start of the mufassal, and no registry yet enumerates each group's members with its source.

Related: surah_group, surah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/201

Miun — المئون

field	value
`code`	`miun`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`surah_group`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المِئُون
English gloss	`Hundred-Verse Surahs`

Definition: The surahs whose ayahs come to about 100, a little more or a little less.

Purpose: Used as a value of surah group, so that reading plans and the tafsir works that treat the group as a unit can refer to it.

The standard does not list the group's members surah by surah: the sources differ over the seventh of the tiwal and the start of the mufassal, and no registry yet enumerates each group's members with its source.

Related: surah_group, surah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/201

Mufassal — المفصل

field	value
`code`	`mufassal`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`surah_group`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُفَصَّل

Definition: A group of the short surahs following the mathani; scholars differ over where it begins.

Purpose: Used as a value of surah group, so that reading plans and the tafsir works that treat the group as a unit can refer to it.

The standard does not list the group's members surah by surah: the sources differ over the seventh of the tiwal and the start of the mufassal, and no registry yet enumerates each group's members with its source.

Related: surah_group, surah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/201
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/221

Saba Tiwal — السبع الطوال

field	value
`code`	`saba_tiwal`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`surah_group`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	السَّبْع الطِّوَال
Other spellings	`sab_tiwal`
English gloss	`Seven Long Surahs`

Definition: A group of the longest surahs of the Quran, at its beginning, with a known disagreement over which surah is the seventh.

Purpose: Used as a value of surah group, so that reading plans and the tafsir works that treat the group as a unit can refer to it.

The standard does not list the group's members surah by surah: the sources differ over the seventh of the tiwal and the start of the mufassal, and no registry yet enumerates each group's members with its source.

Related: surah_group, surah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/201

Surah Group — تصنيف السور

field	value
`code`	`surah_group`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`mathani`, `miun`, `mufassal`, `saba_tiwal`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَصْنِيف السُّوَر

Definition: A classification gathering surahs by inherited conventional divisions that rest on length or on their place among the groups of surahs.

Purpose: Gives classifications such as the tiwal, the miun, the mathani and the mufassal one parent.

Related: saba_tiwal, miun, mathani, mufassal, surah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/201
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/221

Mushaf and layout — `mushaf`

Ayah Fragment — مقطع الآية

field	value
`code`	`ayah_fragment`
`plural`	`ayah_fragments`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَقْطَع الآيَة
Arabic plural	مقاطع الآيات
Other spellings	`ayah_segment`, `ayah_part`, `line_ayah`, `g_ayah`
English gloss	`ayah fragment`

Definition: What appears of one ayah on one line of a page of a given mushaf; an ayah that runs over two lines is two maqtas.

Purpose: Used as the unit of display and tagging in the page layout, because an ayah does not keep to a line nor a line to an ayah; alignment and highlighting in a drawn mushaf are built on it.

A maqta belongs to the layout of one mushaf and is no part of the identity of the ayah.
A maqta is not a word: it may be a word, several words, or part of a word where the break falls inside one.

Related: ayah, line, page, layout

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — glossary!g.ayah

Font — الخط

field	value
`code`	`font`
`plural`	`fonts`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الخَطّ

Definition: A file carrying a set of glyphs and the rules for laying them out, used to render the text of a mushaf.

Purpose: Used to record which font a digital mushaf depends on, since in many of them the text renders correctly in one font only, so letter codes, their shapes and line positions are tied to it.

A font is a means of display; the rasm is a property of the written text itself.
A glyph is a shape inside a font; a letter is a unit of the text.

Related: glyph, rasm, layout, line, mushaf_edition

Layout — التخطيط

field	value
`code`	`layout`
`plural`	`layouts`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّخْطِيط

Definition: The visual arrangement of the text and its elements into pages, lines and positions within a given mushaf or view.

Purpose: Keeps visual data apart from the fixed textual structure of the Quran.

Line — السطر

field	value
`code`	`line`
`plural`	`lines`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	السَّطْر

Definition: A typeset line within a page of a mushaf or of a given layout.

Purpose: Used to represent where text and shapes sit within the typeset layout.

Related: page, layout, ayah_fragment, font

Page — الصفحة

field	value
`code`	`page`
`plural`	`pages`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الصَّفْحَة
Other spellings	`safhah`

Definition: A typographic unit of a given mushaf's layout; its content and its boundaries may differ from one mushaf or edition to another.

Purpose: Used for rendering, navigation and visual alignment according to the pages of a particular mushaf.

Rasm — الرسم

field	value
`code`	`rasm`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`rasm_imlai`, `rasm_uthmani`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الرَّسْم
Other spellings	`rasm_type`
English gloss	`orthography`

Definition: The way the words of the Quran are written: which letters are written and which omitted or added, and where words are joined or kept apart.

Purpose: Used as a classification stating which rasm a text, a mushaf or a dataset is written in, so that search, comparison and rendering branch on it; and it keeps the layer of the rasm distinct from the font, the layout and the drawn glyphs.

The rasm is which letters are written, omitted, joined or kept apart; the dabt is the marks of pronunciation placed on the letters.
The script is the shape of the letters in one mushaf; the rasm is what holds in every mushaf written in it.

Rasm Imlai — الرسم الإملائي

field	value
`code`	`rasm_imlai`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`rasm`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الرَّسْم الإِمْلَائِيّ
Other spellings	`imlaei`, `imlai`, `imla'i`, `imlaai`, `simple`, `text_simple`, `text_imlaei`, `rasm_imlaei`
English gloss	`modern orthography`, `standard orthography`

Definition: Writing the words of the Quran by the rules of modern orthography, writing what the Uthmani rasm omits and omitting what it adds, so that they read in their familiar form.

Purpose: Used to state that a text follows modern orthography, which is the text that search, quotation and display outside the mushaf are built on, as against the Uthmani text the mushaf is displayed in.

The imlai rasm is a writing and not a reading: the wording is one, and what differs is the form of the word.
The imlai text is not the search text stripped of dabt, though the second is derived from the first.

Deriving the name with the tool gives orthographic_rasm, because the general-words table translates «إملائي» to orthographic for the sake of «العلامة الإملائية»; the recorded name is rasm_imlai, which is what databases and APIs use, and the decision is in the decision record.

Related: rasm, rasm_uthmani

Rasm Uthmani — الرسم العثماني

field	value
`code`	`rasm_uthmani`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`rasm`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الرَّسْم العُثْمَانِيّ
Other spellings	`uthmani`, `uthmanic`, `othmani`, `rasm_othmani`
English gloss	`Uthmanic Orthography`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: rasm uthmani 100 vs uthmani rasm 65. The Arabic word order wins in English writing, and it matches the code.

Definition: The way the words of the Uthmani mushafs are written, with the omission, addition, substitution, separation and joining that go with it.

Purpose: Used to state that a text follows the rules of the Uthmani rasm rather than another orthography.

Related: rasm, rasm_imlai, mushaf

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/146

Dabt and Mushaf marks — `dabt`

Ayah Mark — علامة الآية

field	value
`code`	`ayah_mark`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة الآيَة
Dabt name	عَلَامَة رَأْس الآيَة
Name by shape	دَارَة
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة رَأْس الآيَة
Symbol	۝
Characters	`U+06DD` ARABIC END OF AYAH
Mark family	`mustaqill`
Other spellings	`end_of_ayah`, `ayah_marker`, `ayah_separator`

Definition: The circle separating one ayah from the next. It is placed at the ayah's end and, in most mushafs, carries its number.

Purpose: Used to mark an ayah's boundary in the written text; it is the sign from which a renderer or an analyser reads where an ayah ends and what its number is.

The mark is something drawn in the mushaf; the ayah ending is the close of the ayah as a matter of the text itself.
The number inside the circle follows an ayah numbering system and is not part of the mark.

Dammah — الضمة

field	value
`code`	`dammah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`harakah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الضَّمَّة
Dabt name	الضَّمَّة (وتُسمَّى قديمًا الرَّفْعَة)
Name by shape	وَاو صَغِيرَة فَوْق الحَرْف
Symbol	ـُ
Characters	`U+064F` ARABIC DAMMA
Mark family	`harakah`
Other spellings	`damma`

Definition: The mark for the short vowel u on the letter.

Purpose: Used as a value of harakah, so that a letter's pronunciation is read from it in analysis, rendering and teaching rather than from the shape of the mark.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!damma

Division Mark — علامة التقسيم

field	value
`code`	`division_mark`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة التَّقْسِيم
Dabt name	عَلَامَة التَّحْزِيب
Name by shape	نَجْمَة مُثَمَّنَة
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة بِدَايَة الأَجْزَاء والأَحْزَاب وأَنْصَافِها وأَرْبَاعِها
Symbol	نَجْمَة
Characters	`U+06DE` ARABIC START OF RUB EL HIZB
Mark family	`mustaqill`
Other spellings	`hizb_mark`, `juz_mark`, `rub_el_hizb_mark`, `rub_mark`
Deprecated names	`alamat_al_tahzib`

Definition: Marks the start of a juz, a hizb, or a half or quarter of one.

Purpose: Used as a mark of the mushaf, so that rendering and analysis know where it sits and what it points to.

The division mark is a sign in the mushaf; the juz, the hizb and its quarters are divisions of the text it points to.

alamat_al_tahzib was a separate entry defining the same thing; it was merged into this one.

Related: hizb, rubu_al_hizb, juz

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!hizb

Dot — النقطة

field	value
`code`	`dot`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`ijam`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النُّقْطَة
Dabt name	نَقْط الإِعْجَام — النُّقْطَة
Name by shape	نُقْطَة وَاحِدَة
Symbol	نُقْطَة وَاحِدَة
Mark family	`ijam`
Other spellings	`nuqtah`

Definition: One dot, above or below, distinguishing a letter from the others that share its skeleton (ijam): baa, noon, jeem, khaa, dhaal.

Purpose: Used as a value of ijam, so that a letter is told apart from those sharing its skeleton in analysis and in search.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!dot

Fathah — الفتحة

field	value
`code`	`fathah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`harakah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الفَتْحَة
Dabt name	الفَتْحَة (وتُسمَّى قديمًا النَّصْبَة)
Name by shape	أَلِف مُضْجَعَة فَوْق الحَرْف
Symbol	ـَ
Characters	`U+064E` ARABIC FATHA
Mark family	`harakah`
Other spellings	`fatha`

Definition: The mark for the short vowel a on the letter.

Purpose: Used as a value of harakah, so that a letter's pronunciation is read from it in analysis, rendering and teaching rather than from the shape of the mark.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!fatha

Hamzah — الهمزة

field	value
`code`	`hamzah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الهَمْزَة
Dabt name	الهَمْزَة — رَأْس العَيْن
Name by shape	رَأْس عَيْن
Symbol	ء
Characters	`U+0621` ARABIC LETTER HAMZA, `U+0654` ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE, `U+0655` ARABIC HAMZA BELOW
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`hamza`

Definition: Marks a fully realised hamzah (hamzat al-qat).

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!hamza

Hamzat al-Wasl — همزة الوصل

field	value
`code`	`hamzat_al_wasl`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	هَمْزَة الوَصْل
Dabt name	رَأْس الصَّاد (من «صِلَة») — عَلَامَة هَمْزَة الوَصْل
Name by shape	رَأْس صَاد فَوْق الأَلِف
Mushaf introduction name	رَأْس صَاد صَغِيرَة فَوْق أَلِف الوَصْل
Symbol	ص صَغِيرَة فَوْق الأَلِف
Characters	`U+0671` ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`alif_wasl`, `hamzat_wasl`, `wasl`, `wasla`

Definition: Marks a connecting hamzah, dropped whenever the word is reached in continuation.

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Related: hamzah

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!wasla
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 127

Harakah — الحركة

field	value
`code`	`harakah`
`kind`	`classification`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Values	`dammah`, `fathah`, `kasrah`, `shaddah`, `sukun`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الحَرَكَة
Other spellings	`haraka`, `harakat`
English gloss	`Vowel Mark`, `diacritics`

Definition: A mark fixing a letter's vowel, its absence or its doubling: fathah, dammah, kasrah, sukun and shaddah.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the dabt marks that determine how the letter itself is pronounced.

Related: mushaf_mark, tanwin, tashkil, shaddah, sukun

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 135
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/151

Ijam — الإعجام

field	value
`code`	`ijam`
`kind`	`classification`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Values	`dot`, `three_dots`, `two_dots`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِعْجَام

Definition: The dotting that distinguishes a letter from the letters that share its written shape.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the dot shapes, which are told apart by their number and position rather than by their function.

Related: mushaf_mark, letter, tashkil

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 135
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/151

Imalah — الإمالة

field	value
`code`	`imalah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`qiraah_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِمَالَة
Dabt name	الإِمَالَة — النُّقْطَة تَحْت الحَرْف
Name by shape	نُقْطَة كَبِيرَة مَطْمُوسَة تَحْت الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	نُقْطَة كَبِيرَة مَطْمُوسَة الوَسَط تَحْت الحَرْف
Symbol	نُقْطَة تَحْت الحَرْف
Characters	`U+06EA` ARABIC EMPTY CENTRE LOW STOP
Mark family	`alamat_qiraah`

Definition: Marks the major imalah: a fathah pronounced leaning toward kasrah. In the riwayah of Hafs it occurs at one place only (11:41).

Purpose: Used as a value of the qiraah marks, so that the reader is alerted to a particular delivery at its place.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!imalah

Ishmam — الإشمام

field	value
`code`	`ishmam`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`qiraah_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِشْمَام
Dabt name	الإِشْمَام
Name by shape	نُقْطَة كَبِيرَة مَطْمُوسَة فَوْق الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	النُّقْطَة المَذْكُورَة فَوْق آخِر المِيم
Symbol	نُقْطَة فَوْق الحَرْف
Characters	`U+06EC` ARABIC ROUNDED HIGH STOP WITH FILLED CENTRE
Mark family	`alamat_qiraah`

Definition: Marks ishmam: the lips are rounded to hint at a dropped dammah, without any sound.

Purpose: Used as a value of the qiraah marks, so that the reader is alerted to a particular delivery at its place.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!ishmam
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 131

Kasrah — الكسرة

field	value
`code`	`kasrah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`harakah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الكَسْرَة
Dabt name	الكَسْرَة (وتُسمَّى قديمًا الخَفْضَة)
Name by shape	أَلِف مُضْجَعَة تَحْت الحَرْف
Symbol	ـِ
Characters	`U+0650` ARABIC KASRA
Mark family	`harakah`
Other spellings	`kasra`

Definition: The mark for the short vowel i on the letter.

Purpose: Used as a value of harakah, so that a letter's pronunciation is read from it in analysis, rendering and teaching rather than from the shape of the mark.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!kasra

Maddah — المدة

field	value
`code`	`maddah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدَّة
Dabt name	عَلَامَة المَدّ — المَدَّة
Name by shape	خَطّ مُتَمَوِّج مَمْدُود فَوْق الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة المَدّ
Symbol	خَطّ المَدّ
Characters	`U+0653` ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE, `U+06E4` ARABIC SMALL HIGH MADDA
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`madda`

Definition: Marks that the letter is lengthened beyond the natural madd.

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Related: madd

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!maddah

Mushaf Mark — علامة المصحف

field	value
`code`	`mushaf_mark`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`ayah_mark`, `division_mark`, `harakah`, `ijam`, `orthographic_mark`, `qiraah_mark`, `rectangular_zero`, `rounded_zero`, `sajdah_line`, `sajdah_mark`, `small_meem`, `tanwin`, `waqf_mark`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة المُصْحَف

Definition: A sign or mark that is not one of a word's original letters, used in the mushaf for reading, organisation or guidance.

Purpose: Gives the different marks one parent, instead of treating them as unrelated kinds.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Omitted Alif — الألف المحذوفة

field	value
`code`	`omitted_alif`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الأَلِف المَحْذُوفَة
Dabt name	الأَلِف المَحْذُوفَة — أَلِف صَغِيرَة قَائِمَة
Name by shape	أَلِف صَغِيرَة قَائِمَة فَوْق الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	مِنَ الحُرُوف الصَّغِيرَة الدَّالَّة على المَتْرُوك مِنَ الرَّسْم
Symbol	ا صَغِيرَة قَائِمَة
Characters	`U+0670` ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`alif_mahdhufah`, `dagger_alif`, `small-alef`, `small_alef`, `small_alif`, `superscript_alif`

Definition: Restores an alif omitted from the Uthmani skeleton but obligatory in pronunciation.

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Related: rasm, orthographic_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!small-alef

Orthographic Mark — العلامة الإملائية

field	value
`code`	`orthographic_mark`
`kind`	`classification`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Values	`hamzah`, `hamzat_al_wasl`, `maddah`, `omitted_alif`, `small_noon`, `small_waw`, `small_yaa`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَلَامَة الإِمْلَائِيَّة

Definition: A mark fixing how a word is written, such as the hamzah, the maddah and the small letters.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the marks that concern how a word is written, rather than its vowel or how it is stopped on.

Related: mushaf_mark, rasm, omitted_alif

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 134
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 135

Qiraah Mark — علامة القراءة

field	value
`code`	`qiraah_mark`
`kind`	`classification`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Values	`imalah`, `ishmam`, `saktah_mark`, `seen_al_qiraah`, `tashil`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة القِرَاءَة

Definition: A mark pointing to a particular manner of delivery at its place, such as saktah, ishmam and tashil.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the marks that alert the reader to a particular delivery rather than to the pointing of a letter.

Related: mushaf_mark, qiraah, saktah_mark

Rectangular Zero — الصفر المستطيل

field	value
`code`	`rectangular_zero`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الصِّفْر المُسْتَطِيل
Dabt name	الصِّفْر المُسْتَطِيل القَائِم
Name by shape	مُسْتَطِيل صَغِير قَائِم خَالِي الوَسَط
Mushaf introduction name	دَائِرَة قَائِمَة مُسْتَطِيلَة خَالِيَة الوَسَط
Symbol	مُسْتَطِيل قَائِم صَغِير
Characters	`U+06E0` ARABIC SMALL HIGH UPRIGHT RECTANGULAR ZERO
Mark family	`dabt`
Other spellings	`sifr-mustatil`, `sifr_mustatil`

Definition: Marks an alif dropped in continuation but pronounced when stopping on it.

Purpose: Used as a mark of the mushaf, so that rendering and analysis know where it sits and what it points to.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!sifr-mustatil

Rounded Zero — الصفر المستدير

field	value
`code`	`rounded_zero`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الصِّفْر المُسْتَدِير
Dabt name	الصِّفْر المُسْتَدِير
Name by shape	دَائِرَة صَغِيرَة خَالِيَة الوَسَط
Mushaf introduction name	دَائِرَة صَغِيرَة خَالِيَة الوَسَط
Symbol	دَائِرَة صَغِيرَة
Characters	`U+06DF` ARABIC SMALL HIGH ROUNDED ZERO
Mark family	`dabt`
Other spellings	`sifr-mustadir`, `sifr_mustadir`

Definition: Marks a letter present in the skeleton but never pronounced — neither in continuation nor when stopping.

Purpose: Used as a mark of the mushaf, so that rendering and analysis know where it sits and what it points to.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!sifr-mustadir

Sajdah Line — خط السجدة

field	value
`code`	`sajdah_line`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	خَطّ السَّجْدَة
Dabt name	خَطّ مُوجِب السَّجْدَة
Name by shape	خَطّ أُفُقِيّ فَوْق الكَلِمَة
Mushaf introduction name	خَطّ أُفُقِيّ فَوْق الكَلِمَة الدَّالّ على مُوجِب السَّجْدَة
Symbol	خَطّ أُفُقِيّ
Mark family	`mustaqill`
Other spellings	`khatt_mujib_al_sajdah`, `sajdah-line`

Definition: Marks the word that makes prostration due.

Purpose: Used as a mark of the mushaf, so that rendering and analysis know where it sits and what it points to.

Related: sajdah_mark, sajdah

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!sajdah-line
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/381

Sajdah Mark — علامة السجدة

field	value
`code`	`sajdah_mark`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة السَّجْدَة
Dabt name	عَلَامَة مَوْضِع السَّجْدَة — المِحْرَاب
Name by shape	مِحْرَاب صَغِير
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة مَوْضِع السَّجْدَة
Symbol	مِحْرَاب
Mark family	`mustaqill`
Other spellings	`sajda_mark`, `sajda_sign`, `sajdah-sign`, `sajdah_sign`
Deprecated names	`alamat_mawdi_al_sajdah`

Definition: Marks the point at which the reader prostrates.

Purpose: Used as a mark of the mushaf, so that rendering and analysis know where it sits and what it points to.

The sajdah mark is a sign in the mushaf; the sajdah is the place in the text at which one prostrates.

alamat_mawdi_al_sajdah was a separate entry defining the same thing; it was merged into this one.

Related: sajdah, sajdah_line

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!sajdah-sign
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/381

Saktah Mark — علامة السكتة

field	value
`code`	`saktah_mark`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`qiraah_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة السَّكْتَة
Dabt name	السِّين — عَلَامَة السَّكْت
Name by shape	سِين
Mushaf introduction name	السِّين فَوْق الحَرْف الأَخِير الدَّالَّة على السَّكْت
Symbol	س
Characters	`U+06DC` ARABIC SMALL HIGH SEEN
Mark family	`alamat_qiraah`
Other spellings	`alamat_al_sakt`

Definition: Marks a saktah: a brief pause without taking a breath, then continuing.

Purpose: Used as a value of the qiraah marks, so that the reader is alerted to a particular delivery at its place.

The saktah mark is a sign in the mushaf; the saktah is the pause itself.

Related: saktah, qiraah_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!saktah
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 126

Seen al-Qiraah — سين القراءة

field	value
`code`	`seen_al_qiraah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`qiraah_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	سِين القِرَاءَة
Dabt name	السِّين الدَّالَّة على وَجْه القِرَاءَة
Name by shape	سِين فَوْق الصَّاد أو تَحْتَهَا
Mushaf introduction name	السِّين فَوْق الصَّاد أو تَحْتَهَا
Symbol	س
Characters	`U+06DC` ARABIC SMALL HIGH SEEN, `U+06E3` ARABIC SMALL LOW SEEN
Mark family	`alamat_qiraah`
Other spellings	`seen-reading`, `seen_reading`, `sin_qiraah`
Display evidence	letter name; unmeasurable directly, both forms are English words

Definition: A small seen above a saad marks reading it as seen; below it, reading it as saad.

Purpose: Used as a value of the qiraah marks, so that the reader is alerted to a particular delivery at its place.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!seen-reading

Shaddah — الشدة

field	value
`code`	`shaddah`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`harakah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الشَّدَّة
Dabt name	الشَّدَّة — رَأْس الشِّين (من «شَدِيد»)
Name by shape	رَأْس شِين بِلَا نُقَط
Mushaf introduction name	الشَّدَّة الدَّالَّة على الإِدْغَام
Symbol	ـّ
Characters	`U+0651` ARABIC SHADDA
Mark family	`harakah`
Other spellings	`shadda`, `tashdeed`, `tashdid`

Definition: Marks a doubled letter: the first, vowelless, is merged into the second and the two are pronounced as one stressed letter.

Purpose: Used as a value of harakah, so that a letter's pronunciation is read from it in analysis, rendering and teaching rather than from the shape of the mark.

Related: harakah, idgham

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!shadda

Small Meem — الميم الصغيرة

field	value
`code`	`small_meem`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المِيم الصَّغِيرَة
Dabt name	المِيم الصَّغِيرَة — عَلَامَة القَلْب
Name by shape	مِيم صَغِيرَة، عُلْيَا أو سُفْلَى
Mushaf introduction name	المِيم الصَّغِيرَة
Symbol	م صَغِيرَة
Characters	`U+06E2` ARABIC SMALL HIGH MEEM ISOLATED FORM, `U+06ED` ARABIC SMALL LOW MEEM
Mark family	`dabt`
Other spellings	`iqlab_meem`, `meem-iqlab`, `meem_iqlab`, `meem_saghirah`, `mim_saghirah`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: meem sakinah 308 vs mim sakinah 57

Definition: Marks iqlab: a vowelless noon or tanwin pronounced as meem before baa.

Purpose: Used as a mark of the mushaf, so that rendering and analysis know where it sits and what it points to.

Related: noon_sakinah, iqlab

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!meem-iqlab
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 86

Small Noon — النون الصغيرة

field	value
`code`	`small_noon`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النُّون الصَّغِيرَة
Dabt name	النُّون الصَّغِيرَة — الحَرْف المُلْحَق بالرَّسْم
Name by shape	نُون صَغِيرَة فَوْق السَّطْر
Mushaf introduction name	مِنَ الحُرُوف الصَّغِيرَة الدَّالَّة على المَتْرُوك مِنَ الرَّسْم
Symbol	ن صَغِيرَة
Characters	`U+06E8` ARABIC SMALL HIGH NOON
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`noon_saghirah`, `nun_saghirah`, `small-noon`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: noon sakinah 478 vs nun sakinah 118

Definition: Restores a noon omitted from the skeleton but obligatory in pronunciation, at one place only (21:88).

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!small-noon

Small Waw — الواو الصغيرة

field	value
`code`	`small_waw`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَاو الصَّغِيرَة
Dabt name	الوَاو الصَّغِيرَة — عَلَامَة صِلَة هَاء الضَّمِير
Name by shape	وَاو صَغِيرَة بَعْد الهَاء
Mushaf introduction name	الوَاو الصَّغِيرَة
Symbol	و صَغِيرَة
Characters	`U+06E5` ARABIC SMALL WAW
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`small-waw`, `waw_saghirah`

Definition: Marks the silah of the pronoun haa with dammah, pronounced as a waw in continuation.

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Related: madd_al_silah

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!small-waw

Small Yaa — الياء الصغيرة

field	value
`code`	`small_yaa`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`orthographic_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	اليَاء الصَّغِيرَة
Dabt name	اليَاء الصَّغِيرَة — عَلَامَة صِلَة هَاء الضَّمِير
Name by shape	يَاء صَغِيرَة مَرْدُودَة بَعْد الهَاء
Mushaf introduction name	اليَاء الصَّغِيرَة المَرْدُودَة إِلى خَلْف
Symbol	ي صَغِيرَة
Characters	`U+06E6` ARABIC SMALL YEH, `U+06E7` ARABIC SMALL HIGH YEH
Mark family	`imlaiyyah`
Other spellings	`small-ya`, `small_ya`, `ya_saghirah`, `yaa_saghirah`

Definition: Marks the silah of the pronoun haa with kasrah, pronounced as a yaa in continuation.

Purpose: Used as a value of the orthographic marks, so that software can tell where the rasm departs from the pronunciation.

Related: madd_al_silah

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!small-ya

Sukun — السكون

field	value
`code`	`sukun`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`harakah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	السُّكُون
Dabt name	السُّكُون — رَأْس الخَاء المُهْمَلَة
Name by shape	رَأْس خَاء بِلَا نُقْطَة
Mushaf introduction name	رَأْس خَاء صَغِيرَة دُون نُقْطَة
Symbol	ـْ
Characters	`U+0652` ARABIC SUKUN, `U+06E1` ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH
Mark family	`harakah`
Other spellings	`sukoon`

Definition: Marks a letter that carries no vowel and is articulated clearly.

Purpose: Used as a value of harakah, so that a letter's pronunciation is read from it in analysis, rendering and teaching rather than from the shape of the mark.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!sukun

Tanwin — التنوين

field	value
`code`	`tanwin`
`kind`	`classification`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Values	`tanwin_al_damm`, `tanwin_al_fath`, `tanwin_al_kasr`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّنْوِين
Other spellings	`tanween`

Definition: An added vowelless noon at the end of a noun, written by doubling the shape of the vowel.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the three tanwin marks, gathering them instead of scattering them through one list.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 135

Tanwin al-Damm — تنوين الضم

field	value
`code`	`tanwin_al_damm`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`tanwin`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَنْوِين الضَّمّ
Dabt name	تَنْوِين الرَّفْع — الضَّمَّتَان
Name by shape	وَاوَان صَغِيرَتَان فَوْق الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	الحَرَكَتَان: تَرْكِيبًا أو تَتَابُعًا
Symbol	ـٌ
Characters	`U+064C` ARABIC DAMMATAN, `U+08F1` ARABIC OPEN DAMMATAN
Mark family	`tanwin`
Other spellings	`dammatan`, `tanween_damm`, `tanwin_al_rafa`, `tanwin_damm`

Definition: Marks the un tanwin. Stacked marks signal izhar; staggered marks with a shaddah on the next letter signal complete idgham, and without one, incomplete idgham or ikhfa.

Purpose: Used as a value of tanwin, so that the pronunciation of the noun's ending and its ruling are read from it rather than from the shape of the mark.

Related: tanwin, noon_sakinah

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!dammatan

Tanwin al-Fath — تنوين الفتح

field	value
`code`	`tanwin_al_fath`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`tanwin`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَنْوِين الفَتْح
Dabt name	تَنْوِين النَّصْب — الفَتْحَتَان
Name by shape	أَلِفَان مُضْجَعَتَان فَوْق الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	الحَرَكَتَان: تَرْكِيبًا أو تَتَابُعًا
Symbol	ـً
Characters	`U+064B` ARABIC FATHATAN, `U+08F0` ARABIC OPEN FATHATAN
Mark family	`tanwin`
Other spellings	`fathatan`, `tanween_fath`, `tanwin_al_nasb`, `tanwin_fath`

Definition: Marks the an tanwin. Stacked marks signal izhar; staggered marks with a shaddah on the next letter signal complete idgham, and without one, incomplete idgham or ikhfa.

Purpose: Used as a value of tanwin, so that the pronunciation of the noun's ending and its ruling are read from it rather than from the shape of the mark.

Related: tanwin, noon_sakinah, madd_al_iwad

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!fathatan

Tanwin al-Kasr — تنوين الكسر

field	value
`code`	`tanwin_al_kasr`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`tanwin`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَنْوِين الكَسْر
Dabt name	تَنْوِين الخَفْض — الكَسْرَتَان
Name by shape	أَلِفَان مُضْجَعَتَان تَحْت الحَرْف
Mushaf introduction name	الحَرَكَتَان: تَرْكِيبًا أو تَتَابُعًا
Symbol	ـٍ
Characters	`U+064D` ARABIC KASRATAN, `U+08F2` ARABIC OPEN KASRATAN
Mark family	`tanwin`
Other spellings	`kasratan`, `tanween_kasr`, `tanwin_al_jarr`, `tanwin_al_khafd`, `tanwin_kasr`

Definition: Marks the in tanwin. Stacked marks signal izhar; staggered marks with a shaddah on the next letter signal complete idgham, and without one, incomplete idgham or ikhfa.

Purpose: Used as a value of tanwin, so that the pronunciation of the noun's ending and its ruling are read from it rather than from the shape of the mark.

Related: tanwin, noon_sakinah

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!kasratan

Tashil — التسهيل

field	value
`code`	`tashil`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`qiraah_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّسْهِيل
Dabt name	التَّسْهِيل — الهَمْزَة بَيْنَ بَيْنَ
Name by shape	نُقْطَة كَبِيرَة مَطْمُوسَة مَكَان الهَمْزَة
Mushaf introduction name	النُّقْطَة دُون الحَرَكَة مَكَان الهَمْزَة
Symbol	نُقْطَة مَكَان الهَمْزَة
Characters	`U+06EC` ARABIC ROUNDED HIGH STOP WITH FILLED CENTRE
Mark family	`alamat_qiraah`

Definition: Marks tashil: the hamzah softened to a sound between a hamzah and an alif.

Purpose: Used as a value of the qiraah marks, so that the reader is alerted to a particular delivery at its place.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!tashil

Tashkil — التشكيل

field	value
`code`	`tashkil`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّشْكِيل
Other spellings	`tashkeel`
English gloss	`vowel marks`, `vocalization`, `vocalisation`

Definition: The layer of dabt marks attached to the letters of the text, the harakat, tanwin, shaddah, sukun and what goes with them, taken as a whole.

Purpose: Used when the whole layer of dabt is handled at once, kept in display or stripped from the text for search, rather than one mark.

Tashkil is the layer; a harakah is one mark.
Dabt is the discipline and its rules; tashkil is what it produces on the letters.

Related: harakah, mushaf_mark, ijam, rasm

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 135

Three Dots — الثلاث نقط

field	value
`code`	`three_dots`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`ijam`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الثَّلَاث نُقَط
Dabt name	نَقْط الإِعْجَام — الثَّلَاث نُقَط
Name by shape	ثَلَاث نُقَط مُثَلَّثَة
Symbol	ثَلَاث نُقَط
Mark family	`ijam`
Other spellings	`thalath_nuqat`, `three-dots`

Definition: Three dots above the letter, distinguishing it from the others that share its skeleton (ijam): thaa, sheen.

Purpose: Used as a value of ijam, so that a letter is told apart from those sharing its skeleton in analysis and in search.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!three-dots

Two Dots — النقطتان

field	value
`code`	`two_dots`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`ijam`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النُّقْطَتَان
Dabt name	نَقْط الإِعْجَام — النُّقْطَتَان
Name by shape	نُقْطَتَان مُتَّصِلَتَان
Symbol	نُقْطَتَان
Mark family	`ijam`
Other spellings	`nuqtatan`, `two-dots`

Definition: Two dots, above or below, distinguishing a letter from the others that share its skeleton (ijam): taa, yaa, qaaf.

Purpose: Used as a value of ijam, so that a letter is told apart from those sharing its skeleton in analysis and in search.

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!two-dots

Waqf al-Muanaqah — وقف المعانقة

field	value
`code`	`waqf_al_muanaqah`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_mark_type`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	وَقْف المُعَانَقَة
Dabt name	وَقْف المُعَانَقَة (ويُسمَّى وَقْف المُرَاقَبَة)
Name by shape	ثَلَاث نُقَط تَتَكَرَّر عَلَى كَلِمَتَيْن
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة تَعَانُق الوَقْف
Symbol	ثَلَاث نُقَط في مَوْضِعَيْن
Characters	`U+06DB` ARABIC SMALL HIGH THREE DOTS
Mark family	`waqf`
Other spellings	`muanaqah`, `muraqabah`, `taanuq_al_waqf`, `waqf_al_muraqabah`

Definition: Two candidate stopping points: stopping at one makes stopping at the other not allowed.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf mark type, so that rendering, teaching and warnings in applications branch on it rather than on the shape of the sign.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!muanaqah
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Jaiz Mustawi al-Tarafayn — الوقف الجائز مستوي الطرفين

field	value
`code`	`waqf_jaiz_mustawi_al_tarafayn`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_mark_type`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف الجَائِز مُسْتَوِي الطَّرَفَيْن
Dabt name	الجِيم — عَلَامَة الوَقْف الجَائِز
Name by shape	جِيم
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة الوَقْف الجَائِز جَوَازًا مُسْتَوِيَ الطَّرَفَيْن
Symbol	ج
Characters	`U+06DA` ARABIC SMALL HIGH JEEM
Mark family	`waqf`
Deprecated names	`waqf-jaiz`, `waqf_jaiz`

Definition: A permissible stop, with stopping and continuing equally sound.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf mark type, so that rendering, teaching and warnings in applications branch on it rather than on the shape of the sign.

waqf_jaiz was this mark's id in the mushaf registry; it fits three permissible marks, so it is deprecated.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!waqf-jaiz
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Jaiz Waqf Awla — الوقف الجائز مع كون الوقف أولى

field	value
`code`	`waqf_jaiz_waqf_awla`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_mark_type`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف الجَائِز مَعَ كَوْنِ الوَقْف أَوْلَى
Dabt name	قلى — عَلَامَة الوَقْف أَوْلَى
Name by shape	قلى
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة الوَقْف الجَائِز مَع كَوْن الوَقْف أَوْلَى
Symbol	قلى
Characters	`U+06D7` ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE QAF WITH LAM WITH ALEF MAKSURA
Mark family	`waqf`
Other spellings	`waqf-awla`, `waqf_awla`

Definition: A permissible stop, and stopping is the better choice.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf mark type, so that rendering, teaching and warnings in applications branch on it rather than on the shape of the sign.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!waqf-awla
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Jaiz Wasl Awla — الوقف الجائز مع كون الوصل أولى

field	value
`code`	`waqf_jaiz_wasl_awla`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_mark_type`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف الجَائِز مَعَ كَوْنِ الوَصْل أَوْلَى
Dabt name	صلى — عَلَامَة الوَصْل أَوْلَى
Name by shape	صلى
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة الوَقْف الجَائِز مَع كَوْن الوَصْل أَوْلَى
Symbol	صلى
Characters	`U+06D6` ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE SAD WITH LAM WITH ALEF MAKSURA
Mark family	`waqf`
Other spellings	`wasl-awla`, `wasl_awla`

Definition: A permissible stop, but continuing is the better choice.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf mark type, so that rendering, teaching and warnings in applications branch on it rather than on the shape of the sign.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!wasl-awla
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Lazim — الوقف اللازم

field	value
`code`	`waqf_lazim`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_mark_type`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف اللَّازِم
Dabt name	المِيم — عَلَامَة الوَقْف اللَّازِم
Name by shape	مِيم
Mushaf introduction name	عَلَامَة الوَقْف اللَّازِم
Symbol	م
Characters	`U+06D8` ARABIC SMALL HIGH MEEM INITIAL FORM
Mark family	`waqf`
Other spellings	`waqf-lazim`

Definition: A compulsory stop: continuing across it would suggest a meaning other than the one intended.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf mark type, so that rendering, teaching and warnings in applications branch on it rather than on the shape of the sign.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!waqf-lazim
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 122
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Mamnu — الوقف الممنوع

field	value
`code`	`waqf_mamnu`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_mark_type`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف المَمْنُوع
Dabt name	لا — عَلَامَة الوَقْف المَمْنُوع
Name by shape	لا
Symbol	لا
Characters	`U+06D9` ARABIC SMALL HIGH LAM ALEF
Mark family	`waqf`
Other spellings	`waqf-mamnu`

Definition: A forbidden stop: stopping here would break the meaning or attach what follows to the wrong clause.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf mark type, so that rendering, teaching and warnings in applications branch on it rather than on the shape of the sign.

Registered in the mushaf registry but never used in this edition: zero occurrences.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark

Sources:

مصحف حفص — كلمة كلمة — standard!waqf-mamnu
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Mark — علامة الوقف

field	value
`code`	`waqf_mark`
`plural`	`waqf_marks`
`kind`	`mark`
Parent	`mushaf_mark`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَامَة الوَقْف

Definition: A mark in the mushaf pointing the reader to the ruling on stopping or continuing at a given place.

Purpose: Used to represent the sign, its position and its type in an orderly way.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Ayah numbering — `ayah_numbering`

Ayah Count — عدد الآيات

field	value
`code`	`ayah_count`
`plural`	`ayah_counts`
`kind`	`property`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَدَد الآيَات
Registry	`ayah_counts`
Other spellings	`ayat_count`, `number_of_ayahs`, `adad_al_ayat`, `adad_al_ay`
English gloss	`verse count`

Definition: The number of ayahs in a surah under a given numbering system; it may differ from one system to another as the counted fasilahs differ.

Purpose: Used to check references and surah boundaries and to build indexes; it is read from the registry of counts, not computed from one text.

The count belongs to the surah under a numbering system, not to the mushaf.

The code name follows ayah_numbering_* and the registry's name, not a derivation of «عَدَد الآيَات»; the concept is one of modelling, though the count of ayahs has its origin in the science of counting.

Related: ayah_numbering_system, surah, ayah

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/79

Basri Numbering — العد البصري

field	value
`code`	`basri`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`ayah_numbering_system`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَدّ البَصْرِيّ
Other spellings	`basri_numbering`, `basran`, `basran_numbering`

Definition: The Basran numbering system, transmitted from Asim al-Jahdari and the Basran authorities before him.

Purpose: Used as a value of the ayah numbering system, so that a mushaf or dataset states which numbering its ayah numbers and boundaries follow, and positions can be mapped between systems.

The code is basri alone, because a value's name is unique within its classification, not across the dictionary (§14): a column holds one classification's values, so makki here is never confused with makki in revelation_classification. The entry's id is ayah_numbering_basri, the parent's name plus the code, so that two entries sharing a name have different addresses. The code is not derived from «العَدّ» because that gives add, an English verb. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/80

Dimashqi Numbering — العد الدمشقي

field	value
`code`	`dimashqi`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`ayah_numbering_system`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَدّ الدِّمَشْقِيّ
Other spellings	`dimashqi_numbering`, `shami`, `shami_numbering`, `damascene`, `ayah_numbering_shami`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: dimashqi numbering 0 vs shami numbering 0. No form is established, so the display follows the code; `shami` stays an alias.

Definition: The Damascene numbering system, transmitted from Yahya ibn al-Harith al-Dhimari from Ibn Amir; also called the Shami numbering.

Purpose: Used as a value of the ayah numbering system, so that a mushaf or dataset states which numbering its ayah numbers and boundaries follow, and positions can be mapped between systems.

The code is dimashqi alone, because a value's name is unique within its classification, not across the dictionary (§14): a column holds one classification's values, so makki here is never confused with makki in revelation_classification. The entry's id is ayah_numbering_dimashqi, the parent's name plus the code, so that two entries sharing a name have different addresses. The code is not derived from «العَدّ» because that gives add, an English verb. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/82

Kufi Numbering — العد الكوفي

field	value
`code`	`kufi`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`ayah_numbering_system`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَدّ الكُوفِيّ
Other spellings	`kufi_numbering`, `kufan`, `kufan_numbering`

Definition: The Kufan numbering system, transmitted from Hamzah al-Zayyat from Ibn Abi Layla from Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami from Ali ibn Abi Talib. It is the numbering most printed mushafs follow today.

Purpose: Used as a value of the ayah numbering system, so that a mushaf or dataset states which numbering its ayah numbers and boundaries follow, and positions can be mapped between systems.

The code is kufi alone, because a value's name is unique within its classification, not across the dictionary (§14): a column holds one classification's values, so makki here is never confused with makki in revelation_classification. The entry's id is ayah_numbering_kufi, the parent's name plus the code, so that two entries sharing a name have different addresses. The code is not derived from «العَدّ» because that gives add, an English verb. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/80

First Madani Numbering — العد المدني الأول

field	value
`code`	`madani_first`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`ayah_numbering_system`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَدّ المَدَنِيّ الأَوَّل
Other spellings	`ayah_numbering_madani_awwal`, `madani_awwal`, `first_madani`, `first_madinan`, `madani_first_numbering`

Definition: The earlier Madinan numbering system, that of Abu Jafar Yazid ibn al-Qaqa and Shaybah ibn Nassah.

Purpose: Used as a value of the ayah numbering system, so that a mushaf or dataset states which numbering its ayah numbers and boundaries follow, and positions can be mapped between systems.

The code is madani_first alone, because a value's name is unique within its classification, not across the dictionary (§14): a column holds one classification's values, so makki here is never confused with makki in revelation_classification. The entry's id is ayah_numbering_madani_first, the parent's name plus the code, so that two entries sharing a name have different addresses. The code is not derived from «العَدّ» because that gives add, an English verb. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/79

Last Madani Numbering — العد المدني الأخير

field	value
`code`	`madani_last`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`ayah_numbering_system`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَدّ المَدَنِيّ الأَخِير
Other spellings	`ayah_numbering_madani_akhir`, `madani_akhir`, `last_madani`, `last_madinan`, `madani_last_numbering`

Definition: The later Madinan numbering system, that of Ismail ibn Jafar from Sulayman ibn Jammaz.

Purpose: Used as a value of the ayah numbering system, so that a mushaf or dataset states which numbering its ayah numbers and boundaries follow, and positions can be mapped between systems.

The code is madani_last alone, because a value's name is unique within its classification, not across the dictionary (§14): a column holds one classification's values, so makki here is never confused with makki in revelation_classification. The entry's id is ayah_numbering_madani_last, the parent's name plus the code, so that two entries sharing a name have different addresses. The code is not derived from «العَدّ» because that gives add, an English verb. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/79

Makki Numbering — العد المكي

field	value
`code`	`makki`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`ayah_numbering_system`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	العَدّ المَكِّيّ
Other spellings	`makki_numbering`, `makkan`, `meccan_numbering`

Definition: The Makkan numbering system, transmitted from Ibn Kathir from Mujahid from Ibn Abbas from Ubayy ibn Kab.

Purpose: Used as a value of the ayah numbering system, so that a mushaf or dataset states which numbering its ayah numbers and boundaries follow, and positions can be mapped between systems.

The code is makki alone, because a value's name is unique within its classification, not across the dictionary (§14): a column holds one classification's values, so makki here is never confused with makki in revelation_classification. The entry's id is ayah_numbering_makki, the parent's name plus the code, so that two entries sharing a name have different addresses. The code is not derived from «العَدّ» because that gives add, an English verb. The reasoning is in the decision record.

Sources:

البيان في عد آي القرآن — 1/79

Ayah Numbering System — نظام عد الآي

field	value
`code`	`ayah_numbering_system`
`plural`	`ayah_numbering_systems`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`ayah_numbering_basri`, `ayah_numbering_dimashqi`, `ayah_numbering_kufi`, `ayah_numbering_madani_first`, `ayah_numbering_madani_last`, `ayah_numbering_makki`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	نِظَام عَدّ الآي
Registry	`ayah_numbering`
Other spellings	`ayah_counting_system`

Definition: A system that fixes the boundaries of the ayahs, their totals and their numbers, and certain questions about the basmalah, as transmitted by one of the schools of ayah counting.

Purpose: Used to state which numbering system a mushaf's or a dataset's ayah numbers and boundaries follow.

Sources:

Equivalent Ayah — الآية المقابلة

field	value
`code`	`equivalent_ayah`
`plural`	`equivalent_ayahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الآيَة المُقَابِلَة

Definition: The ayah in one numbering system that corresponds to an ayah in another. Their numbers may differ, because the systems divide the text at different points.

Purpose: Used to map ayah numbers across numbering systems, so that data built on one system is never compared with data built on another by number alone.

This is a correspondence between two numbering systems, not a similarity of wording or a repetition of text.

Sources:

qiraat-ayah-map

Revelation — `revelation`

Asbab al-Nuzul — أسباب النزول

field	value
`code`	`asbab_al_nuzul`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	أَسْبَاب النُّزُول
Other spellings	`asbab_al-nozool`, `asbab_un-nuzul`

Definition: The events or questions that an ayah, or several ayahs, was revealed to address or to rule on.

Purpose: Used to attach the narrations and the material about an ayah's occasion of revelation to the ayah itself.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/75
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/107

Disputed — مختلف فيه

field	value
`code`	`disputed`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`revelation_classification`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مُخْتَلَف فِيه
Other spellings	`mukhtalaf_fih`, `revelation_disputed`

Definition: A surah or ayah that the accepted sources do not agree to classify as makki or madani.

Purpose: Keeps disputed data from being forced into makki or madani without recording the disagreement.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/60
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/37

Madani — مدني

field	value
`code`	`madani`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`revelation_classification`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَدَنِيّ
Other spellings	`madaniyy`, `madinan`
English gloss	`Medinan`

Definition: The part of the Quran revealed after the Hijrah, even where it was revealed outside Madinah.

Purpose: Used as a value of revelation classification, tagging a surah or an ayah with it.

Madani describes the time of revelation, after the Hijrah, not the place of revelation.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/60
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/37

Makki — مكي

field	value
`code`	`makki`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`revelation_classification`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَكِّيّ
Transliteration	makkī
Other spellings	`makkiyy`, `makkan`
English gloss	`Meccan`

Definition: The part of the Quran revealed before the Hijrah, even where it was revealed outside Makkah.

Purpose: Used as a value of revelation classification, tagging a surah or an ayah with it.

Makki describes the time of revelation, before the Hijrah, not the place of revelation.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/60
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/37

Revelation — النزول

field	value
`code`	`revelation`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النُّزُول

Definition: The revelation of the Quran to the Prophet, peace be upon him, in stages over the years of his mission, as events and needs arose.

Purpose: Used as the root that the order of revelation, its classification and its occasions branch from: all three are properties of the event of revelation and are known only through it.

Revelation is an event; its order, its classification and its occasion are properties of it, not synonyms for it.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/100

Revelation Classification — تصنيف النزول

field	value
`code`	`revelation_classification`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`disputed`, `madani`, `makki`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَصْنِيف النُّزُول

Definition: A classification of the Quranic text by whether its revelation fell before or after the Hijrah, in the accepted usage.

Purpose: Used to classify surahs or ayahs by their relation to the Hijrah, without implying that the classification is only geographical.

Related: makki, madani, disputed, revelation, surah

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/60
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/37

Revelation Order — ترتيب النزول

field	value
`code`	`revelation_order`
`kind`	`property`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَرْتِيب النُّزُول

Definition: The order of the surahs or the ayahs by the time of their revelation, which may differ from one accepted source to another.

Purpose: Used to store the order of revelation independently of the order of the mushaf.

Revelation order is not mushaf order: surah_number is the mushaf order.

Related: revelation, surah

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/140
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/93

Qiraat — `qiraat`

Muqri — المقرئ

field	value
`code`	`muqri`
`plural`	`muqris`
`kind`	`role`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُقْرِئ
Other spellings	`muqree`

Definition: One who has received the recitation, mastered it, and transmits it to learners.

Purpose: Used to represent the role of teaching, receiving and granting the recitation, which is distinct from being a reciter.

Related: reciter, rawi, qiraah

Sources:

النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/268

Qiraah — القراءة

field	value
`code`	`qiraah`
`plural`	`qiraahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	القِرَاءَة
Registry	`qiraat`
Other spellings	`qira'ah`, `qiraa`, `qiraat`, `qira'at`
English gloss	`Reading`

Definition: One of the ways of reciting the Quran, attributed to one of the imams of the qiraat, from which the riwayahs and tariqs branch.

Purpose: Represents the top level of the qiraat model and ties together the riwayahs, the tariqs and the texts bound to them.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/171

Rawi — الراوي

field	value
`code`	`rawi`
`plural`	`rawis`
`kind`	`role`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الرَّاوِي
Registry	`qiraat`
English gloss	`Transmitter`

Definition: One to whom a transmission from an imam of a qiraah is attributed.

Purpose: Used to represent the person a riwayah is bound to.

A rawi is the transmitter a riwayah is attributed to; a reciter is the performer of a recording. A performer is not a rawi merely because they recite in his riwayah.

Related: riwayah, qiraah, reciter, muqri

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/171
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/115

Riwayah — الرواية

field	value
`code`	`riwayah`
`plural`	`riwayahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Part of	`qiraah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الرِّوَايَة
Registry	`qiraat`
Other spellings	`riwaya`, `rewaya`, `riwayat`

Definition: What is attributed to a transmitter from an imam of a qiraah, such as the riwayah of Hafs from Asim.

Purpose: Used to state which riwayah a text, a mushaf, a recording or a dataset follows.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/171
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/115

Tariq — الطريق

field	value
`code`	`tariq`
`plural`	`tariqs`
`kind`	`concept`
Part of	`riwayah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الطَّرِيق
Registry	`tariq`
Other spellings	`tareeq`

Definition: A path of transmission taken from a rawi through those below him in the chain of transmission of a qiraah.

Purpose: Used when data needs a finer level than the riwayah to tell paths of delivery and transmission apart.

The four named routes applications store — shatibiyyah, tayyibat_al_nashr, durrah, taysir — are in registries/tariq.tsv; the full enumeration, some 980 turuq of al-Nashr, is still open.

Related: riwayah, qiraah, wajh

Sources:

النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/115
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/146

Wajh — الوجه

field	value
`code`	`wajh`
`plural`	`wajhs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَجْه
Arabic plural	أَوْجُه
Other spellings	`wajh_al_ada`, `awjuh`, `wujuh`, `wajh_qiraah`
English gloss	`permitted variant`

Definition: One of several manners of delivery, any of which may be taken within one riwayah or one tariq, such as the wajhs of madd arid li al-sukun.

Purpose: Used when a recording or a lesson needs to state which of the permitted wajhs was taken, without attributing the difference to a riwayah or a tariq.

A wajh does not change what the reading is attributed to; a tariq does.

Related: tariq, riwayah, madd_arid_li_al_sukun

Recitation — `recitation`

Ayah Timing

field	value
`code`	`ayah_timing`
`plural`	`ayah_timings`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Other spellings	`ayah_timestamp`, `recitation_timing`, `timing`, `verse_timing`

Definition: A span of time in a recitation recording, given by a start and an end, corresponding to one ayah.

Purpose: Used to bind text to audio; following along while listening, jumping to an ayah, repeating it and clipping it all rest on it.

A timing is a property of the recording, not of the ayah, so it differs from one recitation to another.
Ayah-level timing is not word-level alignment.

Related: recitation, ayah, reciter, word_timing

Istiadhah — الاستعاذة

field	value
`code`	`istiadhah`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الاِسْتِعَاذَة
Other spellings	`isti'adhah`, `istiʿādhah`, `ta'awwudh`, `istiadha`, `istiaadhah`, `taawwudh`

Definition: Seeking refuge with Allah from the Shaytan before reciting the Quran.

Purpose: Used to represent the istiadhah, its wordings, and its position relative to the start of a recitation.

Related: basmalah, recitation

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 27
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/243

Khatmah — الختمة

field	value
`code`	`khatmah`
`plural`	`khatmahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الخَتْمَة
Other spellings	`khatma`

Definition: Reading the Quran in full, from its beginning to its end.

Purpose: Used to track completion plans, to record that a reading was finished, and to tie sessions to the course of one khatmah.

Related: juz, manzil, recitation

Recitation — تسجيل التلاوة

field	value
`code`	`recitation`
`plural`	`recitations`
`kind`	`entity`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَسْجِيل التِّلَاوَة

Definition: A published recording of a recitation of the Quran, attributed to a reciter, a riwayah and a style of delivery.

Purpose: Used to represent the recording that timings, style and pace are attached to; it is attributed to a reciter and a riwayah and kept apart from the act of tilawah.

A recitation is the published recording attributed to a reciter, a riwayah and a style; tilawah is the act.

Reciter — القارئ

field	value
`code`	`reciter`
`plural`	`reciters`
`kind`	`role`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	القَارِئ
Other spellings	`qari`, `qaari`

Definition: The person who performs a recitation of the Quran.

Purpose: Used to tie audio recordings to their performer.

A reciter performs the recitation in a recording; they are neither an imam of a qiraah nor a rawi.

Related: recitation, rawi, muqri, ayah_timing, tilawah

Tartil — الترتيل

field	value
`code`	`tartil`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّرْتِيل
Other spellings	`tarteel`

Definition: Reciting the Quran deliberately, making the letters and words distinct, observing the stops and the meaning.

Purpose: Used as a quality of delivery in describing a recording or a lesson, not as the name of the style a recording is published under.

Tartil is a quality of the delivery itself; murattal is a recording style. Neither name stands for the other.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 21
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/205

Tilawah — التلاوة

field	value
`code`	`tilawah`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التِّلَاوَة
Other spellings	`tilaawah`, `tilawa`, `tilawat`

Definition: Reading the Quran in its wording, delivered aloud as the reader received it, whether in prayer, in a lesson or in a recording.

Purpose: Used for the act of reading itself where that is what is meant, as in the rulings of tilawah, its etiquette, its prostration and its teaching; the published recording of it stays recitation.

Tilawah is the act; recitation is the published recording attributed to a reciter, a riwayah and a style of delivery.
Tartil is an attribute of tilawah, not tilawah.

Related: recitation, tartil, sajdah, reciter

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 16

Word Timing

field	value
`code`	`word_timing`
`plural`	`word_timings`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Other spellings	`word_timestamp`, `word_alignment`, `word_segment_timing`, `timing_segment`, `audio_segment`, `word_timings`

Definition: A span of time in a recitation recording, given by a start and an end, corresponding to one word of an ayah.

Purpose: Used to highlight the word being recited while listening, to align text with audio at a level finer than the ayah, and to cut a recording at a word.

A word timing falls inside the timing of its ayah and does not cross it.
Audio APIs call this concept segment; the name in this standard is word_timing, because in linguistic corpora segment names the morpheme.

Related: ayah_timing, word, word_key, recitation

Recitation pace — `recitation_pace`

Hadr — الحدر

field	value
`code`	`hadr`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`recitation_pace`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الحَدْر
Other spellings	`hadar`

Definition: Reciting quickly while keeping the letters, the vowels and the rules of delivery intact.

Purpose: Used as a value of recitation pace, so that a recording or a teaching session is tagged by its pace and filtered by it.

Related: recitation_pace

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 24
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/205

Recitation Pace — مراتب القراءة

field	value
`code`	`recitation_pace`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`hadr`, `tadwir`, `tahqiq`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَرَاتِب القِرَاءَة

Definition: A classification of how fast a recitation is delivered while its rules are kept.

Purpose: Keeps the traditional paces apart from recording styles such as murattal and mujawwad.

Sources:

النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/205

Tadwir — التدوير

field	value
`code`	`tadwir`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`recitation_pace`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّدْوِير
Other spellings	`tadweer`

Definition: Reciting at a middle speed between tahqiq and hadr, while keeping the rules.

Purpose: Used as a value of recitation pace, so that a recording or a teaching session is tagged by its pace and filtered by it.

Related: recitation_pace

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 25
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/207

Tahqiq — التحقيق

field	value
`code`	`tahqiq`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`recitation_pace`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّحْقِيق
Other spellings	`tahqeeq`

Definition: Reciting slowly and deliberately, giving the letters and their rules their full due; much used in teaching.

Purpose: Used as a value of recitation pace, so that a recording or a teaching session is tagged by its pace and filtered by it.

Related: recitation_pace

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 26
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/205

Recitation style — `recitation_style`

Instructional Ayah Repetition — تكرار الآيات

field	value
`code`	`instructional_ayah_repetition`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَكْرَار الآيَات

Definition: Repeating an ayah, or part of one, once or several times in a teaching pattern that helps the learner take it in and memorise it.

Purpose: Used to describe a feature of a teaching recording in its own right, rather than leaving it implied inside muallim.

Related: muallim, recitation_style

Muallim — معلم

field	value
`code`	`muallim`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`recitation_style`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مُعَلِّم

Definition: A recitation style meant for teaching, which may repeat ayahs or leave the learner time to repeat after the reciter.

Purpose: Used to classify a recording by its style.

Mujawwad — مجود

field	value
`code`	`mujawwad`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`recitation_style`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مُجَوَّد

Definition: A recitation style that is slow and melodic, with the tajwid rules drawn out; the label given to recordings delivered that way.

Purpose: Used to classify a recording by its style.

Mujawwad is a recording style; tajwid is the discipline every style is delivered by. Neither name stands for the other.

Related: recitation_style, murattal, tajwid

Murattal — مرتل

field	value
`code`	`murattal`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`recitation_style`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مُرَتَّل

Definition: A recitation style that is measured and unadorned, at a reading pace; the label given to recordings delivered that way.

Purpose: Used to classify a recording by its style.

Murattal is a recording style; tartil is a quality of the delivery itself. Neither name stands for the other.

Related: recitation_style, mujawwad, tartil

Recitation Style — نمط الأداء

field	value
`code`	`recitation_style`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`muallim`, `mujawwad`, `murattal`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	نَمَط الأَدَاء

Definition: A classification of recordings and recitations by how they are delivered, murattal, mujawwad or muallim, independent of the qiraah and the riwayah.

Purpose: Used to classify audio recordings by their manner of delivery or by their purpose.

Tajwid — `tajwid`

Ghunnah — الغنة

field	value
`code`	`ghunnah`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الغُنَّة
Other spellings	`ghunna`, `gunnah`, `ghunnah_sound`
English gloss	`nasalisation`

Definition: A sound from the nasal cavity built into the body of noon and meem, in which the tongue plays no part; its length differs by ruling, fullest in the doubled and the merged letter, then in the concealed, then in the vowelless letter sounded clearly.

Purpose: Used as an attribute tagging the places in the text where the ghunnah is held, such as the two doubled letters, idgham with ghunnah, ikhfa and iqlab, so that it is followed in colouring and instruction, and because its length is among what differs by tariq.

Ghunnah is an attribute of sound and not a ruling in itself: it accompanies idgham, ikhfa and iqlab and does not stand opposite them.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 85
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — noon-mushaddadah

Idgham — الإدغام

field	value
`code`	`idgham`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`tajwid_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِدْغَام
Other spellings	`idghaam`, `idgam`, `edgham`, `idgham_bighunnah`, `idgham_bila_ghunnah`, `idgham_shafawi`
English gloss	`assimilation`, `merging`

Definition: Merging a vowelless letter into a vowelled letter after it so that the two become one doubled letter, whether the merging is complete or partial, with ghunnah or without it.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

Idgham is a ruling; mutamathilan, mutajanisan and mutaqariban are the relation between the two letters because of which it falls.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 57
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 60
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 61
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 63
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — idgham-bi-ghunnah-noon

Ikhfa — الإخفاء

field	value
`code`	`ikhfa`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`tajwid_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِخْفَاء
Other spellings	`ikhfaa`, `ikhfa'`, `ekhfa`, `ikhfa_haqiqi`, `ikhfa_shafawi`
English gloss	`concealment`

Definition: Pronouncing a vowelless letter in a manner between izhar and idgham, without doubling and with the ghunnah kept: haqiqi in noon sakinah and tanwin before its 15 letters, and shafawi in meem sakinah before a baa.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 67
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 68
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — ikhfa-haqiqi-noon

Iqlab — الإقلاب

field	value
`code`	`iqlab`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`tajwid_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِقْلَاب
Other spellings	`iqlaab`, `qalb`, `iqlab_qalb`, `eqlab`
English gloss	`conversion`

Definition: Turning noon sakinah or tanwin into a meem, concealed with ghunnah, before a baa.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

Iqlab is a ruling of pronunciation; the small meem is the mark the mushaf draws it with.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 86
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — iqlab-noon

Izhar — الإظهار

field	value
`code`	`izhar`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`tajwid_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِظْهَار
Other spellings	`izhaar`, `idhhar`, `idhar`, `ithhar`, `izhar_halqi`, `izhar_shafawi`
English gloss	`clear pronunciation`

Definition: Sounding a vowelless letter from its point of articulation with no added ghunnah, as noon sakinah and tanwin are sounded before the throat letters, and meem sakinah before any letter other than baa and meem.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

Izhar is a ruling standing opposite idgham and ikhfa, not the absence of a ruling: a place tagged with it is one where a cause was present and neither idgham nor ikhfa fell.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 64
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 65
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 66
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — izhar-halqi-noon

Letter Relation — علاقة الحرفين

field	value
`code`	`letter_relation`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`mutajanisan`, `mutamathilan`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	عَلَاقَة الحَرْفَيْن
Other spellings	`letter_relations`, `alaqat_al_huruf`, `ilaqat_al_harfayn`
English gloss	`relation of two letters`

Definition: The relation of two adjacent letters to each other in point of articulation and attribute: identical, of one kind, close, or distant; the merging of the first into the second, or its clear sounding, is built on it.

Purpose: Used as a classification tagging the place where two letters are merged or sounded apart, so that the cause of the ruling is known and not only the ruling.

The relation is a cause; idgham and izhar are the ruling that follows from it.

Related: idgham, izhar, mutamathilan, mutajanisan

Sources:

Madd — المد

field	value
`code`	`madd`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`madd_al_badal`, `madd_al_iwad`, `madd_al_lin`, `madd_al_silah`, `madd_arid_li_al_sukun`, `madd_lazim`, `madd_munfasil`, `madd_muttasil`, `madd_tabii`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدّ
Arabic plural	مدود
Other spellings	`mad`, `madd_rule`, `mudud`, `mudood`, `madd_type`
English gloss	`prolongation`, `lengthening`

Definition: Prolonging the sound on one of the three letters of madd: a vowelless alif after a fathah, a vowelless waw after a dammah, a vowelless yaa after a kasrah; whether the madd is original, without which the letter does not stand, or secondary, caused by a hamzah or a sukun.

Purpose: Used as a classification that the kinds of madd branch from, so that a place in the text is tagged with its kind and its length; and because the lengths of the madds are among what differs by tariq, they are part of describing a recording or a mushaf.

The letters of madd are not the letters of lin, though waw and yaa belong to both: a letter of madd is vowelless after the vowel of its own kind, a letter of lin is vowelless after a fathah.
Madd is the ruling; the maddah is the mark that points to it in the mushaf.

Sources:

Madd al-Badal — مد البدل

field	value
`code`	`madd_al_badal`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَدّ البَدَل
Other spellings	`madd_badal`, `badal`, `mad_badal`
English gloss	`substitution madd`

Definition: A madd caused by a hamzah before the letter of madd, where the letter of madd was substituted for a vowelless hamzah, as in «آمن», «أوتوا» and «إيمان»; its length is 2 counts for Hafs, more for Warsh.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, hamzah

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 98
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-badal

Madd al-Iwad — مد العوض

field	value
`code`	`madd_al_iwad`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَدّ العِوَض
Other spellings	`madd_iwad`, `madd_al_ewad`, `madd_ewad`, `iwad`, `mad_iwad`
English gloss	`compensation madd`

Definition: Lengthening an alif in place of tanwin al-fath when stopping on the word; its length is 2 counts.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, tanwin_al_fath, waqf, madd_tabii

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 105
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-iwad

Madd al-Lin — مد اللين

field	value
`code`	`madd_al_lin`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَدّ اللِّين
Other spellings	`madd_lin`, `madd_leen`, `madd_al_leen`, `lin`, `leen`, `mad_leen`
English gloss	`soft madd`

Definition: Lengthening a vowelless waw or yaa preceded by a fathah when stopping on the word with an incidental sukun, as in «خوف» and «بيت».

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_arid_li_al_sukun, waqf

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 106
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 93
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — leen-waw

Madd al-Silah — مد الصلة

field	value
`code`	`madd_al_silah`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَدّ الصِّلَة
Other spellings	`madd_silah`, `silah`, `madd_al_sila`, `madd_silah_sughra`, `madd_silah_kubra`, `mad_silah`
English gloss	`pronoun madd`

Definition: A madd arising from joining the pronoun haa to a waw or a yaa when it falls between two vowelled letters; sughra when no hamzah follows, kubra when one does.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, small_waw, small_yaa, madd_tabii

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 97
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 96
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 95
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-silah-sughra

Madd Arid lil-Sukun — المد العارض للسكون

field	value
`code`	`madd_arid_li_al_sukun`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدّ العَارِض لِلسُّكُون
Other spellings	`madd_arid_lilsukun`, `madd_arid_lil_sukun`, `madd_arid`, `arid_lil_sukun`, `madd_aarid`, `madd_arid_lissukun`
English gloss	`incidental madd`
Display evidence	No dominant English form; «lil-Sukun» is how the phrase is written in English tajwid teaching, and the hyphenated preposition follows the display rule for the article.

Definition: A madd caused by an incidental sukun in stopping after the letter of madd; shortening, middle length and full length are all permitted in it.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

The derivation gives madd_arid_li_al_sukun, separating the preposition from the article as section 8 requires; the fused form lilsukun resolves through alternative_spellings.

Related: madd, madd_al_lin, waqf, wajh

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 109

Madd Lazim — المد اللازم

field	value
`code`	`madd_lazim`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدّ اللَّازِم
Other spellings	`madd_laazim`, `lazim`, `madd_lazim_kalimi`, `madd_lazim_harfi`, `mad_lazim`
English gloss	`necessary madd`

Definition: A secondary madd caused by an original sukun, fixed in continuing and in stopping, after the letter of madd, in a word or in a letter of the surah openings, whether heavy with idgham or light; its length is 6 counts.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, sukun

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 103
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 110
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 111
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 112
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-lazim-harfi

Madd Munfasil — المد المنفصل

field	value
`code`	`madd_munfasil`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدّ المُنْفَصِل
Other spellings	`madd_jaiz_munfasil`, `munfasil`, `madd_munfasil_jaiz`, `mad_munfasil`
English gloss	`separated madd`

Definition: A secondary madd caused by a hamzah at the start of the word following the letter of madd; it is permissible, shortened or lengthened by riwayah and tariq.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_muttasil, hamzah

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 102
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-munfasil

Madd Muttasil — المد المتصل

field	value
`code`	`madd_muttasil`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدّ المُتَّصِل
Other spellings	`madd_wajib_muttasil`, `muttasil`, `madd_muttasil_wajib`, `mad_muttasil`, `madd_mutasil`
English gloss	`connected madd`

Definition: A secondary madd caused by a hamzah after the letter of madd within one word; it is obligatory for all the readers, and its lengths differ by riwayah and tariq.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_munfasil, hamzah

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 101
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-muttasil

Madd Tabee — المد الطبيعي

field	value
`code`	`madd_tabii`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`madd`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المَدّ الطَّبِيعِيّ
Other spellings	`madd_tabee`, `madd_tabi'i`, `madd_tabiee`, `madd_asli`
English gloss	`natural madd`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: madd tabee 111 vs madd tabii 63. The display follows the dominant English form; the code stays derived.

Definition: The madd without which the letter of madd itself does not stand, depending on no cause of hamzah or sukun; its length is 2 counts.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_al_iwad, madd_al_silah

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 100
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-tabee-kalimi

Meem Sakinah — الميم الساكنة

field	value
`code`	`meem_sakinah`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المِيم السَّاكِنَة
Other spellings	`mim_sakinah`, `meem_saakinah`, `meem_sakina`
English gloss	`unvowelled meem`
Display evidence	tools/display_measurements.json: meem sakinah 308 vs mim sakinah 57. Letter names are written as they are said, so the derivation gives meem.

Definition: A meem carrying no vowel, fixed in pronunciation and in writing, falling in the middle of a word or at its end.

Purpose: Used as the trigger of the three labial rulings, idgham, ikhfa and izhar, in tajwid engines.

Meem sakinah is not the meem that noon turns into in iqlab, though the two sound the same.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 63
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 66
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 68
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — izhar-shafawi-meem

Mutajanisan — المتجانسان

field	value
`code`	`mutajanisan`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`letter_relation`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُتَجَانِسَان
Other spellings	`mutajanisain`, `mutajanisayn`, `mutajanisan_saghir`

Definition: Two letters of one point of articulation differing in attribute, like the dal and the taa in «قد تبين».

Purpose: Used as a value of the relation of two letters, so that the cause of idgham or izhar at the place is read from it rather than worked out from the two letters every time.

Related: letter_relation, idgham, izhar

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 59
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — mutajanisain-idgham-naqis

Mutamathilan — المتماثلان

field	value
`code`	`mutamathilan`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`letter_relation`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُتَمَاثِلَان
Other spellings	`mutamathilain`, `mutamathilayn`, `mithlayn`, `mutamathilan_saghir`

Definition: Two letters identical in point of articulation and in attribute, like the two baas in «اضرب بعصاك».

Purpose: Used as a value of the relation of two letters, so that the cause of idgham or izhar at the place is read from it rather than worked out from the two letters every time.

Related: letter_relation, idgham, izhar

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 58
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — mutamathilain-idgham-kamil

Noon Sakinah — النون الساكنة

field	value
`code`	`noon_sakinah`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النُّون السَّاكِنَة
Transliteration	nūn sākinah
Other spellings	`nun_sakinah`, `noon_saakinah`
English gloss	`Unvowelled Noon`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: noon sakinah 478 vs nun sakinah 118. Letter names are written as they are said, so the derivation gives noon rather than nun.

Definition: A noon carrying no vowel, fixed in pronunciation and in writing, in continuing and in stopping.

Purpose: Used as the trigger of the four rulings, izhar, idgham, iqlab and ikhfa, in tajwid engines.

Sources:

Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — noon-tanween
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 64
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 57
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 86
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 67

Qalqalah — القلقلة

field	value
`code`	`qalqalah`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`tajwid_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	القَلْقَلَة
Other spellings	`qalqala`, `qalqalah_sughra`, `qalqalah_kubra`, `qalqalh`
English gloss	`echoing`

Definition: A disturbance in the sound of a vowelless letter as it is pronounced, so that a strong beat is heard, in the letters of «قطب جد»; it grows stronger by the letter's place in the word and by stopping on it.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

Qalqalah is one of the attributes of the letters that have no opposite; it counts as a ruling when the place where it appears is tagged with it.

Related: sukun, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 78
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — qalqalah-sughra

Saktah — السكتة

field	value
`code`	`saktah`
`plural`	`saktahs`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	السَّكْتَة
Other spellings	`sakta`, `sakt`

Definition: Cutting off the voice for a short moment without breathing, then continuing the recitation.

Purpose: Used to represent where a saktah falls and what its properties are in the text or in a recitation.

The saktah is the pause itself; the saktah mark is the sign drawn in the mushaf for it.

Related: saktah_mark, waqf, tajwid

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 126

Tafkhim — التفخيم

field	value
`code`	`tafkhim`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّفْخِيم
Other spellings	`tafkheem`, `tafkhem`, `tafkhim_rule`
English gloss	`heavy pronunciation`, `velarisation`
Display evidence	tools/display_measurements.json: tafkhim 900 vs tafkheem 539; the derived form is also the dominant one.

Definition: A fullness entering the sound of a letter so that the mouth fills with its echo; inherent in the letters of istila, and incidental in the raa, the lam of the name of Allah and the alif, following what precedes them.

Purpose: Used to tag the places of letters carrying incidental tafkhim in colouring and instruction, and the ranks of tafkhim in the registry of rulings are attributed to it.

Tafkhim is an attribute of the letter's sound; istila is the attribute of articulation from which tafkhim follows.

Related: tarqiq, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 87
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 89
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — tafkheem-rank-1-jazari

Tajweed — التجويد

field	value
`code`	`tajwid`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّجْوِيد
Transliteration	tajwīd
Registry	`tajwid_rules`
Other spellings	`tajweed`, `tajwīd`
Display evidence	GitHub phrase search: tajweed 45,440 vs tajwid 25,280. The doubled form is dominant in English writing, so it is what readers see; the code name stays derived, because the doubling in general use is lexical and not a rule.

Definition: The discipline of delivering the letters of the Quran from their points of articulation and giving them their due properties and rulings.

Purpose: Used as the discipline that tajwid rules, rulings and colour annotations belong to, so that a rule in an engine or a dictionary is attributed to it.

Tajwid is a discipline; mujawwad is a recording style. Neither name stands for the other.

Sources:

Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus
معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 4
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/190

Tajwid Ruling — حكم التجويد

field	value
`code`	`tajwid_ruling`
`plural`	`tajwid_rulings`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`idgham`, `ikhfa`, `iqlab`, `izhar`, `qalqalah`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	حُكْم التَّجْوِيد
Arabic plural	أَحْكَام التَّجْوِيد
Registry	`tajwid_rules`
Other spellings	`hukm`, `hukum`, `ahkam_al_tajwid`, `ahkam_al_tajweed`, `tajwid_rule`, `tajweed_rule`, `tajweed_ruling`
English gloss	`tajwid ruling`

Definition: What is due in delivering a letter before the letter that follows it, or at a sukun or a hamzah: izhar, idgham, iqlab, ikhfa, madd, qalqalah, tafkhim or tarqiq, as the rules of tajwid settle it at a given place in the text.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the rulings of tajwid and the holder of their registry, so that the places in the text where a ruling falls are attributed to it, and a particular ruling is named by a row of the registry rather than by a free name that differs from one engine to another.

The ruling is what falls at the place; tajwid is the discipline that settles it.
A ruling is not a rule: the rule is the condition, and the ruling is its effect at the place.

Sources:

Tarqiq — الترقيق

field	value
`code`	`tarqiq`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّرْقِيق
Other spellings	`tarqeeq`, `tarqiq_rule`
English gloss	`light pronunciation`
Display evidence	tools/display_measurements.json: tarqiq 1156 vs tarqeeq 286; the derived form is also the dominant one.

Definition: A thinness entering the sound of a letter so that the mouth does not fill with its echo; inherent in the letters of istifal, and incidental in the raa and the lam of the name of Allah.

Purpose: Used to tag the places of letters carrying incidental tarqiq in colouring and instruction, as the counterpart of tafkhim.

Related: tafkhim, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 88
Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — raa-tarqeeq

Waqf — `waqf`

Waqf — الوقف

field	value
`code`	`waqf`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف
English gloss	`Stop`, `Pause`

Definition: Stopping the recitation at a place in the text according to the rules of stopping and starting.

Purpose: Represents the general concept of stopping, while waqf_mark represents the printed signs that point to it.

Sources:

Waqf Hasan — الوقف الحسن

field	value
`code`	`waqf_hasan`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف الحَسَن

Definition: A stop that yields a meaning but is connected to what follows it in wording and in meaning.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf ruling, so that a place is tagged with it in teaching and analysis.

Related: waqf_ruling, waqf

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 124
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/226

Waqf Kafi — الوقف الكافي

field	value
`code`	`waqf_kafi`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف الكَافِي

Definition: A stop whose meaning is complete but which is connected to what follows it in meaning, not in wording.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf ruling, so that a place is tagged with it in teaching and analysis.

Related: waqf_ruling, waqf

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 123
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/226

Waqf Mark Type — نوع علامة الوقف

field	value
`code`	`waqf_mark_type`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`waqf_al_muanaqah`, `waqf_jaiz_mustawi_al_tarafayn`, `waqf_jaiz_waqf_awla`, `waqf_jaiz_wasl_awla`, `waqf_lazim`, `waqf_mamnu`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	نَوْع عَلَامَة الوَقْف

Definition: A classification of what a waqf mark drawn in the mushaf points to: that stopping is compulsory, forbidden or permitted.

Purpose: Gives applications one set of values to branch on, instead of reading the shape of the sign itself.

The mark type is what a drawn mark points to; the waqf ruling belongs to the place itself, even where no mark is drawn on it.

Related: waqf, waqf_mark, waqf_ruling

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/152

Waqf Qabih — الوقف القبيح

field	value
`code`	`waqf_qabih`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف القَبِيح

Definition: A stop that yields no meaning, or yields a meaning that is not the one intended.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf ruling, so that a place is tagged with it in teaching and analysis.

Related: waqf_ruling, waqf

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 125
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/226

Waqf Ruling — حكم الوقف

field	value
`code`	`waqf_ruling`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`waqf_hasan`, `waqf_kafi`, `waqf_qabih`, `waqf_tamm`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	حُكْم الوَقْف

Definition: A classification of the place itself by whether the meaning is complete there, not of the mark drawn at it.

Purpose: Used in teaching and in the syntactic and semantic analysis of stopping.

The waqf ruling belongs to the place; the waqf mark type is what a drawn mark points to, and a place may have a ruling with no mark on it.

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 115
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/226

Waqf Tamm — الوقف التام

field	value
`code`	`waqf_tamm`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`waqf_ruling`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَقْف التَّامّ

Definition: A stop whose meaning is complete and which is connected to what follows it neither in wording nor in meaning.

Purpose: Used as a value of the waqf ruling, so that a place is tagged with it in teaching and analysis.

Related: waqf_ruling, waqf

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 121
النشر في القراءات العشر — 1/226

Linguistics — `linguistics`

Irab — الإعراب

field	value
`code`	`irab`
`kind`	`analysis`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الإِعْرَاب
Other spellings	`i'rab`
English gloss	`Grammatical Analysis`

Definition: The statement of the syntactic function of words, their case markers, and their relations within the construction.

Purpose: Used to attach syntactic analysis and grammatical functions to the words of an ayah.

Related: part_of_speech, morphology, word

Lemma

field	value
`code`	`lemma`
`plural`	`lemmas`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`

Definition: The base dictionary form that an inflected word form is referred back to.

Purpose: Used to gather the different inflected forms under one dictionary entry.

Related: root, stem, morphology

Morpheme — الوحدة الصرفية

field	value
`code`	`morpheme`
`plural`	`morphemes`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الوَحْدَة الصَّرْفِيَّة
Other spellings	`word_segment`

Definition: The smallest unit within a word carrying a meaning or a morphological function, such as a prefix, a suffix or a stem.

Purpose: Used to represent the division of a Quranic word into its morphological parts, which is the level that morphological features and tags are attached to in analysis corpora.

A morpheme is a part of a word; a token is a unit of segmentation that may equal a word or span more than one.

In Quranic morphology corpora segment means the morpheme; in audio APIs it means a word timing. The bare name resolves to nothing, word_segment resolves here, and the audio sense is word_timing.

Related: word, token, stem, morphology, part_of_speech

Morphology — الصرف

field	value
`code`	`morphology`
`kind`	`analysis`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الصَّرْف

Definition: The analysis of a word's structure and form and the morphological properties it carries.

Purpose: Used to represent the morphological features of words or tokens.

Related: morpheme, root, lemma, stem, part_of_speech, irab, verb

Noun — الاسم

field	value
`code`	`noun`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`part_of_speech`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الاِسْم

Definition: A noun in the Arabic sense: a word whose meaning is not tied to a time. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, demonstratives and relatives are all nouns.

Purpose: Used as a value of part of speech, and the detailed tags that Quranic morphology corpora use fall under it.

Related: part_of_speech

Part of Speech — قسم الكلمة

field	value
`code`	`part_of_speech`
`kind`	`classification`
Values	`noun`, `particle`, `verb`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	قِسْم الكَلِمَة
Other spellings	`pos`

Definition: The classification of a word or a morpheme by its grammatical class: noun, verb, particle and what branches from them.

Purpose: Used as the basic tag in morphological and syntactic analysis; searching by tag, filtering, and building the syntactic analysis all rest on it.

The threefold division is the level this standard fixes. The detailed tags used by Quranic morphology corpora — dozens of them — are data falling under these three values, and are not given entries of their own in the dictionary.

Related: morphology, irab, morpheme, noun, particle, verb

Particle — حرف المعنى

field	value
`code`	`particle`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`part_of_speech`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	حَرْف المَعْنَى

Definition: A particle: a word with no meaning of its own that gives meaning to the words around it, such as prepositions and the particles of conjunction, negation and interrogation.

Purpose: Used as a value of part of speech, and the detailed particle tags of Quranic morphology corpora fall under it.

A particle is a part of speech; the written letter, letter, is a unit of the written text.

Related: part_of_speech, letter

Root — الجذر

field	value
`code`	`root`
`plural`	`roots`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الجَذْر

Definition: The morphological origin a word is referred back to, showing its derivation and its relation to other words.

Purpose: Used for morphological search, linguistic analysis, and gathering words that share an origin.

Related: lemma, stem, morphology

Stem — الجذع

field	value
`code`	`stem`
`plural`	`stems`
`kind`	`unit`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الجِذْع

Definition: What remains of a word once its prefixes and suffixes are removed, and what the morphological additions attach to.

Purpose: Used in morphological analysis as a level between the word form and its root: some corpora record the stem and not the root, and some record both.

A root is an abstract derivational origin; a stem is a form that stands in the word once the additions are removed.

Related: root, lemma, morpheme, morphology

Verb — الفعل

field	value
`code`	`verb`
`kind`	`classification_value`
Parent	`part_of_speech`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	الفِعْل

Definition: A verb: a word whose meaning is tied to a time, with past, present and imperative forms.

Purpose: Used as a value of part of speech, and the morphological features specific to verbs — tense, voice and pattern — hang off it.

Related: part_of_speech, morphology

Translation — `translation`

Spoken Translation — الترجمة المنطوقة

field	value
`code`	`spoken_translation`
`plural`	`spoken_translations`
`kind`	`content`
Parent	`translation`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّرْجَمَة المَنْطُوقَة
Other spellings	`audio_translation`

Definition: Rendering the meanings of the Quran into another language in audio or spoken material.

Purpose: Used to distinguish audio renderings of the meanings from written translation and from Quranic recitation.

Related: translation, recitation

Translation — الترجمة

field	value
`code`	`translation`
`plural`	`translations`
`kind`	`content`
Children	`spoken_translation`, `word_by_word_translation`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّرْجَمَة

Definition: Rendering the meanings of the Quran into another language. A translation is not the Quran in its wording.

Purpose: Used to tie translated-meaning texts to ayahs, languages, translators and sources.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/324

Translator — المترجم

field	value
`code`	`translator`
`plural`	`translators`
`kind`	`role`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُتَرْجِم
Other spellings	`mutarjim`

Definition: One to whom a translation of the meanings of the Quran into another language is attributed, whether a person or a body.

Purpose: Used to attribute a translation to its author, keeping the author apart from the publisher, the reviewer and the source of the text.

The translator is not the mufassir, though the translation may rest on a tafsir.

Related: translation, mufassir

Transliteration — النقل الحرفي

field	value
`code`	`transliteration`
`plural`	`transliterations`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النَّقْل الحَرْفِيّ

Definition: Representing the letters of one writing system with those of another by fixed rules, without translating the meaning.

Purpose: Used to give a readable representation in another writing system, or for systematic conversion between writing systems.

Related: translation

Word by Word Translation

field	value
`code`	`word_by_word_translation`
`plural`	`word_by_word_translations`
`kind`	`content`
Parent	`translation`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Other spellings	`wbw`, `word_by_word`, `wbw_translation`, `word_translation`, `wordbyword`

Definition: A translation giving each word of the ayah its meaning in another language on its own, in the order of the original words.

Purpose: Used in instructional display and in learning, and attached to the word by its key rather than to the ayah.

The translation of a word on its own is not a translation of the ayah, and is not shown in its place.

Related: translation, word, word_key

Tafsir — `tafsir`

Mufassir — المفسر

field	value
`code`	`mufassir`
`plural`	`mufassirs`
`kind`	`role`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُفَسِّر
English gloss	`Exegete`

Definition: One to whom a tafsir of the Quran is attributed, whether by authorship or by transmission.

Purpose: Used to attribute a tafsir to its author, keeping the one who said it apart from the book his words were transmitted in, and from its editor and publisher.

The mufassir is the one whose statement it is, and his statement may be transmitted in someone else's book.

Related: tafsir, translator, tafsir_al_ray

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 4/200

Tafsir — التفسير

field	value
`code`	`tafsir`
`plural`	`tafsirs`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّفْسِير
Other spellings	`tafseer`
English gloss	`Exegesis`, `Commentary`

Definition: Stating the meanings of the Quran, explaining its wording, and the rulings and guidance it points to, according to the principles of tafsir.

Purpose: Used to represent tafsir works and content and to tie their passages to ayahs, surahs and sources.

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/334
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 4/192

Tafsir al-Ray — تفسير الرأي

field	value
`code`	`tafsir_al_ray`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	تَفْسِير الرَّأْي
Other spellings	`tafsir_bil_ray`, `tafsir_bialray`, `tafsir_al_raay`, `tafsir_bir_ray`
English gloss	`reasoned tafsir`

Definition: Explaining the meanings of the Quran by reasoning and reflection, after knowledge of the speech of the Arabs, its styles and the principles of tafsir, whether the reasoning is approved or censured.

Purpose: Used as the kind of authored content attributed to its author as his statement, kept apart from what is transmitted with a chain.

Tafsir al-ray is the statement of its author; tafsir mathur is transmitted with a chain.

Related: tafsir_mathur, tafsir, mufassir

Tafsir Mathur — التفسير المأثور

field	value
`code`	`tafsir_mathur`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّفْسِير المَأْثُور
Other spellings	`tafsir_bil_mathur`, `tafsir_bialmathur`, `mathur`
English gloss	`Transmitted Tafsir`

Definition: Tafsir transmitted with a chain of narration: explanation of the Quran drawn from the Quran itself, from the Sunnah, or from the sayings of the Companions and Successors.

Purpose: Used as content attached to an ayah and carrying its transmitter and the standing of the transmission with it, so it is not treated as authored tafsir text attributed to a single book.

Tafsir mathur is transmitted with a chain; authored tafsir is the statement of the book's author.
A single report is not a concept in this standard; the concept is the kind of content organised by ayah.

The better-known title is «التَّفْسِير بِالمَأْثُور», whose derivation fuses the preposition to the noun and gives tafsir_bialmathur. The name recorded here is the descriptive form, which is Arabic and in use, and the better-known form resolves through alternative_spellings. This is the same reason abrogation was given an entry rather than «الناسخ والمنسوخ».

Related: tafsir, ayah, tafsir_al_ray

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/358

Quranic sciences — `quranic_sciences`

Abrogation — النسخ

field	value
`code`	`abrogation`
`kind`	`concept`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	النَّسْخ
Other spellings	`nasikh_mansukh`, `nasikh_wa_mansukh`, `nasekh_mansokh`

Definition: The lifting of a legal ruling by a later legal proof. In the Quran it is studied by relating an abrogating ayah to an abrogated one.

Purpose: Used to represent the relation between two ayahs, one abrogating and one abrogated: a relation between two places in the text, not a property of a single ayah.

Abrogation bears on the ruling, not on the text: an ayah whose ruling is abrogated stands in the mushaf as it is.
The relation is disputed in many places, so it is bound to its source and never presented as agreed upon.

Related: ayah, asbab_al_nuzul

Sources:

مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/237
الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 3/66

Mutashabihat — المتشابهات

field	value
`code`	`mutashabihat`
`kind`	`analysis`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	المُتَشَابِهَات
Other spellings	`mutashabih`, `mutashabihat_lafziyyah`, `similar_ayahs`
English gloss	`Similar Passages`

Definition: The places in the Quran where the wording of ayahs, or of parts of them, resembles one another, whether exactly or with a slight difference in a word or in order.

Purpose: Used above all for memorisation, revision and search tools, since a memoriser needs to know which places are confused with one another and where they differ.

The resemblance of wording meant here is not the mutashabih that stands opposite the muhkam in the Quranic sciences.
A resemblance is a relation between two places or more, not a property of a single ayah.

Related: ayah, word, equivalent_ayah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 3/390

Quran Merits — فضائل القرآن

field	value
`code`	`quran_merits`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	فَضَائِل القُرْآن
Other spellings	`fadail`, `fadail_al_surah`

Definition: What has been transmitted about the merit of the Quran, or of one of its surahs or ayahs, and the reward or effect that follows from reciting it.

Purpose: Used as content attached to the whole Quran, to a surah or to an ayah. It is kept apart from tafsir because it does not explain meaning, and from hadith because it is organised by place in the text rather than by narrator.

The merit is attached to a place in the Quran; the hadith it comes from is a source it cites, not its location.
Much of what is transmitted about the merits of surahs is weak or fabricated, so it is bound to its source and its grading.

Related: quran, surah, ayah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 4/136

Reflection — التدبر

field	value
`code`	`reflection`
`plural`	`reflections`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	التَّدَبُّر
Other spellings	`tadabur`, `waqfat_tadabburiyyah`

Definition: Reflecting on the meanings of the Quran and what they call for in action, and what a reader records of a pause at an ayah or a word.

Purpose: Used as content attached to an ayah or to a place within it. It is kept apart from tafsir because it does not undertake to state the apparent meaning, and the one who says it is not necessarily a mufassir.

Tafsir states the meaning of an ayah by a method; reflection is the effect of that meaning on the one reflecting.

Related: ayah, tafsir

Sources:

معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 29

Surah Name Reason — سبب التسمية

field	value
`code`	`surah_name_reason`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`standard`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	سَبَب التَّسْمِيَة
Other spellings	`sabab_al_tasmiya`

Definition: The statement of why a surah was given its name, and what has been transmitted about it by narration or on linguistic grounds.

Purpose: Used as content attached to a surah. It is kept apart from the occasion of revelation because it concerns the name and not the revelation, and because many surahs have more than one name and so more than one reason.

The reason for the name concerns the surah's name; the occasion of revelation concerns the revelation of an ayah.

Related: surah, asbab_al_nuzul, surah_names

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/178

Surah Names — أسماء السورة

field	value
`code`	`surah_names`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`quranic`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	أَسْمَاء السُّورَة
Other spellings	`asmaa_al_surah`
English gloss	`Surah Names`

Definition: The names a surah is known by. Most surahs carry more than one: some established by narration, others settled by usage.

Purpose: Used to hold every name a surah is known by, because mushafs differ over the name they print and search must find a surah by any of them.

The name of a surah is one thing; the reason it was given that name (sabab al-tasmiyah) is another.
The names of a surah are not the names of the Quran itself.

Related: surah, surah_name_reason

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 1/178

Surah Objectives — مقاصد السورة

field	value
`code`	`surah_objectives`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`extended`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	مَقَاصِد السُّورَة
Other spellings	`maqasid`

Definition: The overarching meanings a surah turns on, held together by its subject, and the single aim its ayahs are ordered around.

Purpose: Used as content attached to a whole surah rather than to one of its ayahs, which sets it apart from tafsir, which proceeds ayah by ayah, and from a topic index, which lists what the surah contains.

A maqsad is an aim that gathers the surah; a topic is one of the things it contains.

Related: surah, tafsir

Word Meanings — غريب القرآن

field	value
`code`	`word_meanings`
`kind`	`content`
Origin	`borrowed`
Tier	`core`
Status	`draft`
Vocalized	غَرِيب القُرْآن
Other spellings	`gharib`, `word_meaning`

Definition: The explanation of Quranic words whose meaning is obscure to most readers, whether because they are rare in use or because their sense has shifted.

Purpose: Used as content attached to a particular word of an ayah rather than to the whole ayah, which is what sets it apart from tafsir and its explanation of the ayah's overall meaning.

Gharib al-Quran explains a word; tafsir explains the meaning of an ayah.
The meaning is attributed to a particular book, so it may differ between sources.

Related: word, tafsir, ayah

Sources:

الإتقان في علوم القرآن — 2/3
مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/8

Source: quran-ws/docs, at d1d6be33be9d. Anything not marked adopted is a proposal under discussion, not yet something to build on.

Terminology dictionary

Lookup

By category

Core — core

Mushaf — المصحف

Mushaf Edition — طبعة المصحف

Quran — القرآن

Structure — structure

Ayah — الآية

Ayah Ending — الفاصلة

Ayah Key

Basmalah — البسملة

Muqatta Letter — الحرف المقطع

Sajdah — السجدة

Surah — السورة

Word Key

Text — text

Character

Codepoint

Glyph

Grapheme

Letter — الحرف

Token

Word — الكلمة

Quran divisions — divisions

Hizb — الحزب

Juz — الجزء

Manzil — المنزل

Rubu al-Hizb — ربع الحزب

Ruku — الركوع

Thumn — الثمن

Surah classification — surah_classification

Mathani — المثاني

Miun — المئون

Mufassal — المفصل

Saba Tiwal — السبع الطوال

Surah Group — تصنيف السور

Mushaf and layout — mushaf

Ayah Fragment — مقطع الآية

Font — الخط

Layout — التخطيط

Line — السطر

Page — الصفحة

Rasm — الرسم

Rasm Imlai — الرسم الإملائي

Rasm Uthmani — الرسم العثماني

Dabt and Mushaf marks — dabt

Ayah Mark — علامة الآية

Dammah — الضمة

Division Mark — علامة التقسيم

Dot — النقطة

Fathah — الفتحة

Hamzah — الهمزة

Hamzat al-Wasl — همزة الوصل

Harakah — الحركة

Ijam — الإعجام

Imalah — الإمالة

Ishmam — الإشمام

Kasrah — الكسرة

Maddah — المدة

Mushaf Mark — علامة المصحف

Omitted Alif — الألف المحذوفة

Orthographic Mark — العلامة الإملائية

Qiraah Mark — علامة القراءة

Rectangular Zero — الصفر المستطيل

Rounded Zero — الصفر المستدير

Sajdah Line — خط السجدة

Sajdah Mark — علامة السجدة

Saktah Mark — علامة السكتة

Seen al-Qiraah — سين القراءة

Shaddah — الشدة

Small Meem — الميم الصغيرة

Small Noon — النون الصغيرة

Small Waw — الواو الصغيرة

Small Yaa — الياء الصغيرة

Sukun — السكون

Tanwin — التنوين

Tanwin al-Damm — تنوين الضم

Tanwin al-Fath — تنوين الفتح

Tanwin al-Kasr — تنوين الكسر

Core — `core`

Structure — `structure`

Text — `text`

Quran divisions — `divisions`

Surah classification — `surah_classification`

Mushaf and layout — `mushaf`

Dabt and Mushaf marks — `dabt`

Ayah numbering — `ayah_numbering`

Revelation — `revelation`

Qiraat — `qiraat`

Recitation — `recitation`

Recitation pace — `recitation_pace`

Recitation style — `recitation_style`

Tajwid — `tajwid`